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摘要： A single transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulse to the motor cortex evoked a series of corticospinal volleys known as direct (D) and indirect (I) waves. This talk will discuss methods to assess D and I waves, how they are altered by afferent input and potential clinical implications. TMS with induced current in the posterior-anterior (PA) direction preferentially evokes early (I1) wave whereas anterior-posterior (AP) TMS preferentially evokes late (I3) waves. The interaction between I-waves can be studied with a paired pulse TMS paradigm known as short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF), with peak facilitations at ∼ 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 ms that correspond to interactions between different I-waves. Afferent input, such as median nerve stimulation, inhibits the motor cortex at about 20 ms, known as short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI). SAI is mediated by acetylcholine and GABA, is altered in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and predominately inhibit late I-waves evoked in the PA direction. Unexpectedly, it was found that SAI was greater with TMS in the PA compared to the AP direction. Single motor unit poststimulus time histogram recordings confirmed that the AP TMS preferentially evoked late I-waves, and late I-waves from PA TMS were inhibited by SAI whereas late I-waves from AP TMS were not. These findings suggest that late I-waves generated by AP and PA current are mediated by different circuits. The interactions between SAI and SICF were also investigated. Contrary to expectation, SICF elicited by both AP and PA current directions was facilitated in the presence of SAI. These results are compatible with the finding that projections from sensory to motor cortex terminate in both superficial layers where late I-waves are thought to originate, as well as deeper layers with more direct effect on pyramidal output. This interaction is likely to be relevant to sensorimotor integration and motor control.

关键词： 全国政协委员   包装物   分类回收   回收再利用   中央   责任   商贸   生产企业  

摘要： 对快递包装物进行回收再利用，包装生产企业、快递业务主管部门和派送员各方均要发力。生产企业要改变传统产品包装设计理念，研制开发有利于回收再利用的新材料、新技术、新工艺。

关键词： 临床医学   药物   检验结果   影响分析  

摘要： 药物对临床医学检验结果的影响机理主要是生理病理治疗过程的影响以及对特定组织亲和力影响。患者长时间服用药物或者是服用药物种类较多就会引起检验结果的真实性不够,在进行药物临床医学检验工作前,应该做好检验工作开始前的干预准备工作,根据患者的实际情况选择正确的检验方法和内容,以此来降低药物的影响作用。

关键词： Medical students   Narrative   Positioning   Qualitative   Simulated patients  

摘要： In their journey to becoming doctors, students engage with a range of teachers and trainers. Among these are simulated patients (SPs), who, through role-playing, assist students to develop their communication and physical examination skills, in contexts of formative and summative assessments. This paper explores the teaching and learning relationship between medical students and SPs, and considers how this might affect feedback and assessment. 14 SPs were interviewed on the subject of medical students' professional identity development in 2014. Data were examined using narrative analysis in conjunction with positioning theory to identify the positions that SPs assigned to themselves and to students. Narrative analysis yielded three interpretative positioning themes: Occupational, familial and cultural and discursive and embodied positioning. The interview process revealed that SPs adopt different positions intra-and interpersonally. SPs appear to hold dissonant perceptions of students in terms relating to their emerging professional identities, which may confound assessment and feedback. Training should include reflections on the SP/student relationship to uncover potential biases and positions, giving SPs the opportunity to reflect on and manage their individual and occupational selves.

关键词： urban built-up areas   sample-optimized approach   SVM classification   DMSP-OLS   initial training samples   GlobeLand30   NDVI   probability threshold   iterative optimization process  

摘要： The accuracy of training samples used for data classification methods, such as support vector machines (SVMs), has had a considerable positive impact on the results of urban area extractions. To improve the accuracy of urban built-up area extractions, this paper presents a sample-optimized approach for classifying urban area data using a combination of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) for nighttime light data, Landsat images, and GlobeLand30, which is a 30-m global land cover data product. The proposed approach consists of three main components: (1) initial sample generation and data classification into built-up and non-urban built-up areas based on the maximum and minimum intervals of digital numbers from the DMSP-OLS data, respectively;(2) refined sample selection and optimization by the probability threshold of each pixel based on vegetation-cover, using the Landsat-derived normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) and artificial surfaces extracted from the GlobeLand30 product as the constraints;(3) iterative classification and urban built-up area data extraction using the relationship between these three aspects of data collection together with the training sets. Experiments were conducted for several cities in western China using this proposed approach for the extraction of built-up areas, which were classified using urban construction statistical yearbooks and Landsat images and were compared with data obtained from traditional data collection methods, such as the threshold dichotomy method and the improved neighborhood focal statistics method. An analysis of the empirical results indicated that (1) the sample training process was improved using the proposed method, and the overall accuracy (OA) increased from 89% to 96% for both the optimized and non-optimized sample selection;(2) the proposed method had a relative error of less than 10%, as calculated by an accuracy assessment;(3) the overall and indiv

关键词： cepstrum   cepstral analysis   cepstral peak prominence   Statistical Process Control   intermittent dysphonia  

摘要： Objectives. Intermittent dysphonia within an utterance is common, but presents difficulty for both perceptual and objective voice evaluation. This study examined the ability of measures from the within-sample cepstral peak prominence (CPP) distribution to differentiate normal voices from intermittently and consistently dysphonic voices. Study Design. Exploratory design. Methods. Sixty samples of the sentence "We were away a year ago" were classified as normal, intermittently dysphonic, or consistently dysphonic by four judges. Measures of CPP within each sample were obtained, and further analysis with examined CPP distribution variability and patterns of CPP outliers. Results. Whereas the mean CPP was the strongest single discriminator among the three voice types, the normal and intermittent dysphonia groups were not significantly different on CPP distribution skewness and measures of CPP distribution outliers. Both the normal and intermittently dysphonic voices differed significantly from the consistently dysphonic samples on these variables. A combination of measures of the CPP distribution was effective for a linear prediction of percent dysphonia duration for the speech samples (r = 0.825;rho = 0.81). The CPP standard deviation significantly improved the use of the mean CPP in discriminant function analyses and also the classification of the intermittently dysphonic voices. Conclusions. Auditory-perceptual judgment of dysphonic segments and the typically robust acoustic measurement of mean CPP are both ineffective for classifying intermittently dysphonic voices. However, dysphonia duration may be effectively predicted via measures of the CPP distribution, and acoustic classification of dysphonic voice types via cepstral methods may be improved with an analysis of the CPP distribution across an utterance.

关键词： Structural dynamics   Three-dimensional analysis   Nonlinear analysis   Soil liquefaction   Soft soils   Soil-structure interactions   Surface waves   Underground structure  

摘要： This paper proposes three-dimensional (3D) simplified nonlinear methods for examining the soil-building interaction for nonlinear behavior of soils based on an input seismic wave field. A seismic wave field is defined as seismic waves propagating in a 3D medium. The proposed 3D methods were developed on the basis of the 3D linear method, which was recently proposed to adequately treat seismic surface waves trapped by a several-kilometer-deep underground structure. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed methods, interaction analyses of a midrise RC building and a wood building were performed in the reclaimed zone of Tokyo Bay in the cases of soils with linear, nonlinear, and liquefaction behavior for the 1923 Kanto earthquake. These interaction analyses provide a reasonable evaluation of building performance. In particular, building responses became excessively large, following extremely large increases in the amplitudes of surface waves in liquefied soils. The building responses provide significant clues for interpreting a typical damage pattern in which Japanese RC building damage is concentrated on the first story.

关键词： Probation   Community supervision   Substance use disorder   Recovery management checkups (RMC)   Female offenders   Woman offenders   Reentry   Alcohol and other drug use   HIV risk behavior   Recidivism  

摘要： To examine the effects of specialized probation and recovery management checkups (RMCs) on participation in substance use treatment, substance use, HIV risk behaviors, and recidivism. Women (n = 480) released from the Cook County Jail's Department of Women's Justice Services were randomly assigned to either an RMC or control condition and interviewed quarterly for 3 years (greater than 90% completion per wave). At the beginning of each quarter, women were classified as currently on probation (n = 1984) or not (n = 2516). Current probation (subject) and experimental condition (intervention nested within probation status) at the beginning of the quarter were used to predict outcomes in the next quarter. Data included self-reports, urinalysis findings, and county and state arrest records. In the quarter after being on probation (or not), women offenders reported higher rates of participation in substance use treatment and recovery support services, as well as lower rates of substance use and HIV risk behaviors. Nevertheless, they were more likely to commit crimes and be rearrested or reincarcerated. During quarters when the women were not on probation, RMCs were associated with significant increases in participation in substance use treatment and significant reductions in substance use and HIV risk behaviors. However, RMCs had no additional quarterly benefits when women were on probation. Higher levels of substance use treatment, self-help engagement, and reduced substance use predicted reduced recidivism. This study demonstrates the effects of specialized probation and RMCs (when not on probation) on favorable outcomes for criminally involved women with substance use disorders.

关键词： Food Analysis   Waste Water/*analysis   Water Pollutants   Chemical/*analysis   Cluster Analysis   Discriminant Analysis   Food Contamination   Multivariate Analysis   Principal Component Analysis  

摘要： Analysis and quantification of multiple analytes in complex samples originating from food and environmental matrixes generate large data sets that can be difficult to analyze and interpret. Multivariate analysis and related computation protocols provide an effective platform and enable such problems to be dealt with. This review illustrates the effective application of chemometrics protocols used to improve quantification techniques and the interpretation of raw data from complex samples.

关键词： 食品微生物检验   标准菌株   检验过程   控制作用   仪器设备   培养基  

摘要： 本文主要阐述了标准菌株在食品微生物检验过程中的重要作用，着重探讨了其在试验对照、培养基、试剂、仪器设备方面发挥的质量控制作用。