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摘要： We present the model and implementation of a workflow that blazes a trail in systematic biology for the re-usability of character data (data on any kind of characters of pheno- and genotypes of organisms) and their additivity from specimen to taxon level. We take into account that any taxon characterization is based on a limited set of sampled individuals and characters, and that consequently any new individual and any new character may affect the recognition of biological entities and/or the subsequent delimitation and characterization of a taxon. Taxon concepts thus frequently change during the knowledge generation process in systematic biology. Structured character data are therefore not only needed for the knowledge generation process but also for easily adapting characterizations of taxa. We aim to facilitate the construction and reproducibility of taxon characterizations from structured character data of changing sample sets by establishing a stable and unambiguous association between each sampled individual and the data processed from it. Our workflow implementation uses the European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy Platform, a comprehensive taxonomic data management and publication environment to: (i) establish a reproducible connection between sampled individuals and all samples derived from them;(ii) stably link sample-based character data with the metadata of the respective samples;(iii) record and store structured specimen-based character data in formats allowing data exchange;(iv) reversibly assign sample metadata and character datasets to taxa in an editable classification and display them and (v) organize data exchange via standard exchange formats and enable the link between the character datasets and samples in research collections, ensuring high visibility and instant reusability of the data. The workflow implemented will contribute to organizing the interface between phylogenetic analysis and revisionary taxonomic or monographic work.

关键词： interaction effects   probation   probation failure   race  

摘要： This analysis examines the impact of established predictors on probation failure utilizing a large randomly selected sample of adult probationers. Initial findings suggest that race, gender, location, offense severity as well as risk assessment scores significantly predict probation failure. This study then examines interaction effects between race and gender as well as race and offense severity. Results indicate such interactions may matter in studying probation failure, despite reason to be cautious about their interpretation. Importantly, the results of the interaction model suggest that the interaction between being an African American and male is a significant predictor of probation failure. Additionally, being a Hispanic felon was also statistically significant. Theoretical, practical, and research implications are discussed alongside study limitations. © 2015, © 2015 Georgia State University.

关键词： Nicotine   Phencyclidine   Reinforcement   Rats   Operant behavior  

摘要： Nicotine is a widely-abused drug, yet its primary reinforcing effect does not seem potent as other stimulants such as cocaine. Recent research on the contributing factors toward chronic use of nicotine-containing products has implicated the role of reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine. The present study investigates whether phencyclidine (PCP) may also possess a reinforcement-enhancement effect and how this may interact with the reinforcement-enhancement effect of nicotine. PCP was tested for two reasons: (1) it produces discrepant results on overall reward, similar to that seen with nicotine and (2) it may elucidate how other compounds may interact with the reinforcement-enhancement of nicotine. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to lever press for brief visual stimulus presentations under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement and then were tested with nicotine (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg) and/or PCP (2.0 mg/kg) over six increasing FR values. A selective increase in active lever-pressing for the visual stimulus with drug treatment was considered evidence of a reinforcement-enhancement effect. PCP and nicotine separately increased active lever pressing for a visual stimulus in a dose-dependent manner and across the different FR schedules. The addition of PCP to nicotine did not increase lever-pressing for the visual stimulus, possibly due to a ceiling effect. The effect of PCP may be driven largely by its locomotor stimulant effects, whereas the effect of nicotine was independent of locomotor stimulation. This dissociation emphasizes that distinct pharmacological properties contribute to the reinforcement-enhancement effects of substances. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 商贸流通   行业异质性   产业链  

摘要： 本文通过研究阐述商贸流通业及细分行业异质性的内涵及意义,从增强实体经济流通力和竞争能力、推动消费导向型经济的转型升级和整合产业链以优化市场分工体系等方面,对商贸流通业的经济先导性作再检验,给出以市场为导向促进面向细分行业异质性的商贸流通业功能升级、整合商流与物流资源以提升商贸流通企业服务区域经济的能力和面向细分行业异质性的商贸流通供应链系统优化升级等具体对策。

关键词： 经销商   资源   同行   整合   电子商务   销售网点   交易模式   互联网  

摘要： 电子商务对经销商的冲击，本质上是抢走了经销商的用户，而不是客户。换句话说，也就是抢走了消费者，而不是销售网点。随着电子商务交易模式固有弊端的凸显，无论是“＋互联网”，还是“互联网＋”，实体店的回归已成一种趋势，只不过，这一次实体经销商不应只是一个售卖网点：只不过，这一次，需要换一个玩法。

关键词： 重组人促红细胞生成素   盲肠结扎穿孔术   检验性失血   急性肾损伤  

摘要： 目的探讨重组人促红细胞生成素(r Hu EPO)对盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)+检验性失血大鼠急性肾损伤的保护作用。方法 160只SD大鼠CLP术后按照随机数表法取均分为四组(对照组、小剂量组、中剂量组和大剂量组),每组各40只,四组均关腹后0 h、24 h、48 h尾静脉放血1 ml,小剂量组0 h皮下注射3 000 U/kg+生理盐水1 ml(24 h、48 h皮下注射生理盐水1 ml),中剂量组0 h、24 h皮下注射r Hu EPO 3 000 U/kg+生理盐水1 ml(48 h皮下注射生理盐水1 ml),大剂量组0 h、24 h、48 h皮下注射3 000 U/kg+生理盐水1 ml,对照组0 h、24 h、48 h皮下注射生理盐水1 ml,分笼饲养,72 h每组各取5只经心脏取血2 ml,检测血红蛋白(Hb)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α),检测肾脏丙二醛(MDA)、髓过氧化物酶活性(MPO)、核转录因子(NF-κB)表达和末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的脱氧尿苷三磷酸缺口标记(TUNEL)阳性细胞数。结果大中剂量组BUN、Cr、TNF-α、MDA、MPO、NF-κB、TUNEL阳性细胞数分别与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),大剂量组较中剂量组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而小剂量组上述指标分别与对照组比较差异则均无统计学意义(P>0.05),四组的Hb比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 r Hu EPO能够降低盲肠结扎穿孔术+检验性失血所致急性肾损伤大鼠TNF-α、MDA、MPO、NF-κB表达和TUNEL阳性细胞数,对脓毒症和检验性失血双重打击急性肾功能损伤具有一定的保护作用,且呈剂量依赖性。

关键词： 技贸结合项目   高铁动车组   技术引进   合同安排   违约责任  

摘要： 为解决国内重大技术装备快速升级和产业发展问题，在“以市场换技术”理念的引领下，技贸结合项目在高铁、核电、燃气轮机、矿山机械等基础设施和重大装备领域推行。技贸结合项目的目标是，通过国内采购方的批量采购设备产品，促使外方在销售设备及零部件的同时，向国内制造企业转让设备产品的设计和生产技术，使其在引进、消化、吸收及再创新的基础上，形成国内相关产业可持续发展能力。技贸结合项目的复杂交易需求，必然导致存在国内采购方、国内制造企业及外方等多个不同合同主体，以及技术许可合同和设备采购合同等多个不同内容的独立合同；相应地，对中方产生技术许可合同金额相对较小、外方违约成本与设备采购合同相比徽不足道的重大风险。本文以高铁动车组采购和技术引进项目为例，通过分析比较技贸结合项目与传统技术引进和设备进口项目的合同安排特点及风险差异，结合技贸结合项目中多方当事人的利益和风险平衡，提出关于外方技术许可违约责任和责任限制条款的关联处理建议。

关键词： 血液检验   贫血   血常规  

摘要： 目的:分析血液检验对贫血患者病情诊断的临床价值。方法:选择2012年6月-2014年6月在我院就诊的患有缺铁性贫血和地中海贫血的患者各46例,再抽取同期接受健康体检的健康人资料46例,分别将其定义为研究1组、研究2组、对照组。对3组实施血液检验,对比血红蛋白(Hb)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、血红细胞(RBC)、平均红细胞血红蛋白(MCH)、红细胞分布宽度(RDW)等指标水平。结果:研究2组的Hb、MCH、RBC水平明显低于研究1组和对照组,RDW水平明显高于对照组和研究1组,MCV水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05),研究1组Hb、MCH水平明显低于对照组,RBC、RDW水平明显高于对照组,MCV水平明显低于对照组和研究2组(P<0.05);研究1组和研究2组出现血常规指标异常的人数明显多于对照组(P<0.05),研究1组和研究2组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:血液检查可以作为临床对贫血疾病进行鉴别和诊断的一项主要方法。

关键词： 粮食价格   城镇居民   价格传导   生活水平  

摘要： 本文利用2007—2013年月度数据,采用有限分布滞后回归模型实证分析粮食价格变化对城镇居民生活的影响。实证结果表明,粮食价格通过传导机制影响肉禽、蛋类、水产品等细分食品价格,纵然影响深度和滞后期各不相同,但粮食价格变动的影响将被放大;政策模拟显示,粮食价格上涨将使城镇居民的食品支出增加、恩格尔系数变大、生活水平下降。研究认为,尽管城镇居民的粮食消费量不断减少、粮食支出在消费性支出中的比重不断下降,但在价格传导机制的作用下,粮食价格大幅上涨时,政府应该采取相关政策对城镇居民实施帮扶。

关键词： Silica nanoparticles   beta-Ray irradiation   Electron paramagnetic resonance   Core-shell model  

摘要： beta-Ray irradiation up to 1.2 GGy was employed to induce E'Si-gamma defects and to study the structure of silica nanopartides with diameters from 7 up to 20 nm. Defect concentration and their Si-29 strong hyperfine doublet were investigated through electron paramagnetic resonance measurements. Our data indicate that stable defects are located in the nanoparticle core. Furthermore, the E'Si-gamma hyperfine interaction evidences that the core structure is denser than bulk silica and independent from the particle size. Finally, we put in evidence that the core structure is stable and unaffected by the irradiation in the investigated dose range maintaining the specific features of nanoparticles. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.