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关键词： 智能包装   识别   判断   自适应控制   信息干预  

摘要： 智能包装通过对包装材料的更新换代升级、通过改造包装结构、通过整合被包装物信息管理,实现被包装物的人性化的智能化的要求、目的或效能。智能包装可划分为功能材料型智能包装、功能结构型智能包装及信息型智能包装三种类型。

摘要： This article concerns the form requirements for additional work in construction contracts. A number of cases illustrate that it is hard to predict whether the contractor will be reimbursed for additional work when the parties have not adhered to the contracted form requirements. The author argues that the legally irrelevant factor of the purchaser's enrichment is, in practice, important for predicting how the court will apply abstract legal concepts on the principle of pacta sunt servanda, agency, the parties' inconsistent behaviour, the nature and purpose of the form requirement, the duty to cooperate, usages, good faith, and culpa in contrahendo.

关键词： Task complexity   Task sequence   Self-efficacy belief   Learning strategy use   Vocabulary learning  

摘要： In the field of second and foreign language learning, how various task characteristics affect language learning has been the focus of many recent studies. Much of this research examined the relationship between task characteristics and task performance without fully taking into account learner related variables. The present study aimed to assess task complexity and sequence in relation to the learner related variables drawn from the social cognitive perspective of self-regulated learning, i.e. self-efficacy beliefs and frequency of learning strategy use, as they were applied to two versions of vocabulary learning from reading tasks. The tasks designed for the present study were based on the componential framework for second language task design. With tasks and task sequence counterbalanced, 146 first-year university students (mean age = 18.59 years) were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Results reveal a significant effect of task sequence on vocabulary learning self-efficacy beliefs, frequency of learning strategy use and task performance, and a significant interaction effect of sequence with task complexity. Findings are discussed in terms of complex interactions between task and learner factors.

关键词： SOIL profiles   COMPUTED tomography   BIOPHYSICS   TEMPORAL distribution (Quantum optics)   SOIL research  

摘要： Soil systems are characterized by the spatial and temporal distribution of organic and mineral particles, water and air within a soil profile. Investigations into the complex interactions between soil constituents have greatly benefited from the advent of non-invasive techniques for structural analysis. In this paper we present a review of the application of one such technique, X-ray computed tomography (CT), for studies of undisturbed soil systems, focusing on research during the last 10years in particular. The ability to undertake three-dimensional imaging has provided valuable insights regarding the quantitative assessment of soil features, in a way previously unachievable because of the opaque nature of soil. A dynamic approach to the evaluation of soil pore networks, hydro-physical characteristics and soil faunal behaviour has seen numerous scanning methodologies employed and a diverse range of image analysis protocols used. This has shed light on functional processes across multiple scales whilst also bringing its own challenges. In particular, much work has been carried out to link a soil's porous architecture with hydraulic function, although new technical improvements allowing the characterization of organic matter and the influence of soil biota on structural development are showing great promise. Here we summarize the development of X-ray CT in soil science, highlight the major issues relating to its use, outline some of the applications for overcoming these challenges and describe the potential of future technological advances for non-invasive soil characterization through integration with other complementary techniques.

关键词： Computer security   malware   control flow   structural classification   structured control flow   unpacking  

摘要： Signature-based malware detection systems have been a much used response to the pervasive problem of malware. Identification of malware variants is essential to a detection system and is made possible by identifying invariant characteristics in related samples. To classify the packed and polymorphic malware, this paper proposes a novel system, named Malwise, for malware classification using a fast application-level emulator to reverse the code packing transformation, and two flowgraph matching algorithms to perform classification. An exact flowgraph matching algorithm is employed that uses string-based signatures, and is able to detect malware with near real-time performance. Additionally, a more effective approximate flowgraph matching algorithm is proposed that uses the decompilation technique of structuring to generate string-based signatures amenable to the string edit distance. We use real and synthetic malware to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of Malwise. Using more than 15,000 real malware, collected from honeypots, the effectiveness is validated by showing that there is an 88 percent probability that new malware is detected as a variant of existing malware. The efficiency is demonstrated from a smaller sample set of malware where 86 percent of the samples can be classified in under 1.3 seconds.

关键词： new product development   packaging design   dairy products   perceptual mapping   categorizing  

摘要： Food packaging plays an important role in attracting consumers' attention and generating expectations in the consumer that in turn affect their product perception and buying behaviour. In the present study, categorizing' and perceptual mapping'diametrically opposed methods (predefined criteria vs consumer criteria)were used to study the influence of packaging design on consumer perceptions of dairy products. Eighty-nine images of milk, yoghurt and yoghurt drink with different graphical designs, sizes, shapes and materials were presented to the participants. The participants were randomly divided in two groups, each of which evaluated the samples using one method: categorizing or perceptual mapping. Both categorizing and perceptual mapping have been demonstrated to be useful, simple and user-friendly methods to determine the packaging design cues that influence the perception of dairy products. However, perceptual mapping provided more subconscious perceptions than the categorizing task. The results of perceptual mapping are objective and provide representative information. Furthermore, it fosters better understanding of the potential for product packaging to be misinterpreted and supports packaging designers in developing packages that better align with consumer perception. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： Microarray Analysis   Attribute clustering   Genetic Algorithm   SupportVector Machine   Classification  

摘要： Microarray technique is used to record the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. Only a small part of these genes will be useful for performing a certain diagnosis. A supervised attribute clustering is used to find such initial groups of clusters.[1][2] One of the main tasks with the expression data is to find groups of tightly coupled genes that is more functional or meaningful in nature After forming the clusters, a GA-SVM based predictor is used to accurately classify the generated clusters.[4]With the help of Genetic Algorithm it helps optimizing the clusters and also to avoid the spurious genes that are added in the ealier stages of clustering. The supervised attribute clustering acts as an aid for the actual microarray classification. Thereby it helps to increase the classification and predictive accuracyof the GA-SVM based classification. It also retains the informative structure of the data and provides excellent predictive capability for accurate medical diagnosis.[10]

关键词： Enzyme Mechanisms   Enzyme Structure   HIV   Protein-Nucleic Acid Interaction   Reverse Transcription  

摘要： Recent crystallographic analysis of p66/p51 human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) type 1 reverse transcriptase (RT) complexed with a non-polypurine tract RNA/DNA hybrid has illuminated novel and important contacts between structural elements at the C terminus of the noncatalytic p51 subunit and the nucleic acid duplex in the vicinity of the ribonuclease H (RNase H) active site. In particular, a short peptide spanning residues Phe-416-Pro-421 was shown to interact with theDNA strand, cross the minor groove of the helix, and then form Van der Waals contacts with the RNA strand adjacent to the scissile phosphate. At the base of the adjoining alpha-helix M', Tyr-427 forms a hydrogen bond with Asn-348, the latter of which, when mutated to Ile, is implicated in resistance to both nucleoside and non-nucleoside RT inhibitors. Based on our structural data, we analyzed the role of the p51 C terminus by evaluating selectively mutated p66/p51 heterodimers carrying (i) p51 truncations that encroach on alpha-M', (ii) alterations that interrupt the Asn-348-Tyr- 427 interaction, and (iii) alanine substitutions throughout the region Phe-416-Pro-421. Collectively, our data support the notion that the p51 C terminus makes an important contribution toward hybrid binding and orienting the RNA strand for catalysis at the RNase H active site.

关键词： 委托理财合同   合同形式   电子合同   法律效力  

摘要： 委托理财合同作为商事性理财合同在其有效性认定上具有很大争议,而在信息化技术高度发展的今天,新型合同形式对合同的有效性认定影响很大,尤以电子合同为典型。由此需要根据委托理财合同的特殊性进行相应的合同形式规则设计。

关键词： Serotonin transporter gene   Posttraumatic stress disorder   Trauma   Disaster  

摘要： Background: Little is known about the specificity of the interaction of serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR genotype x trauma exposure in relation to contemporary structural models of PTSD symptomatology, which suggest that 4- or 5-factor models provide a better representation of the phenotypic expression of this disorder. Methods: One hundred forty-nine respondents of a representative sample of adults affected by Hurricane Ike were interviewed 2-5 months after this 2008 disaster. Results: After adjustment for age, sex, and ancestral proportion scores, the interaction of 5-HTTPLR genotype x trauma exposure was significantly associated with both severity (beta=40, p < .001) and probable diagnosis (Wald=4.55, p=.033;odds ratio=3.81, 95% CI=1.11-13.03) of Ike-related PTSD. Respondents with the low-expression variant of the 5-HTTPLR polymorphism (S allele carriers) who were highly exposed to Hurricane Ike reported significantly greater severity of PTSD symptoms and were more likely to screen positive for PTSD than respondents homozygous for the L allele who were highly exposed to Hurricane Ike. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a 5-factor model of intercorrelated re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal symptoms provided the best structural representation of PTSD symptomatology. The 5-HTTPLR genotype x exposure interaction was significant only for anxious arousal (beta=.44, p<.001) and re-experiencing (beta=.35, p<.001) symptoms, but not avoidance, numbing, or dysphoric arousal symptoms (all beta s <=.20, all ps > .13). Limitations: The small sample size and employment of self-report measures may limit generalizability of these findings. Conclusions: Results of this pilot study suggest that the low-expression variant of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism modifies risk for PTSD, but that this effect may be specific to anxious arousal and re-experiencing symptoms. Published by Elsevier B.V.