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关键词： Video games   Goal setting   Gaming experience   Learning   Earthquake risk communication  

摘要： Video game goals are important features of video games. Player's interaction with goals can not only shape the gaming experience by evoking cognitive and affective reactions in players, but also lead to learning outcomes. However, there are few empirical studies on the effects of interacting with game goals, and no previous research has manipulated goal setting. In two experimental studies, participants were randomly assigned to one of the following five conditions: self-set goal repetitive play, assigned goal repetitive play, no-set goal repetitive play, no-set goal single play, and no play. Results show that playing earthquake preparedness video games generates significant learning outcomes;playing repeatedly with self-set goals yields greater learning compared to playing once with no-set goals or not playing;and cognitive reactions mediates the relation between goal interaction and learning. Implications of the results for the design and evaluation of future video games for learning are explored. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Retention index (RI)   Linear solvation energy relationship (LSER)   Non-target analysis   Classifier   Gas chromatography (GC)   Effect-directed analysis (EDA)  

摘要： Kovats and Lee retention indices were predicted by the help of experimental and calculated boiling points and also by linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) models. The developed approaches should be applied as classifiers in non-target analysis of environmental samples to identify contaminants. To demonstrate the application as a classifier, an example of 14 isomers with empirical formula C12H10O2 was selected. Furthermore, seven compounds with different molecular composition were used to illustrate the application in non-target analysis, where progressive candidate exclusion is performed. The models help to reduce the number of potential candidates, and seem to be a useful addition to already existing classifiers. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Behavior   Communications   Computational sociology   Computer applications   Computer science   Medicine   Mental health   Psychology   Research Article   Social and behavioral sciences   Social networks   Social psychology   Social research   Sociology   Web-based applications  

摘要： Background: In their 2005 study, Adamic and Glance coined the memorable phrase 'divided they blog', referring to a trend of cyberbalkanization in the political blogosphere, with liberal and conservative blogs tending to link to other blogs with a similar political slant, and not to one another. As political discussion and activity increasingly moves online, the power of framing political discourses is shifting from mass media to social media. Methodology/Principal Findings: Continued examination of political interactions online is critical, and we extend this line of research by examining the activities of political users within the Wikipedia community. First, we examined how users in Wikipedia choose to display their political affiliation. Next, we analyzed the patterns of cross-party interaction and community participation among those users proclaiming a political affiliation. In contrast to previous analyses of other social media, we did not find strong trends indicating a preference to interact with members of the same political party within the Wikipedia community. Conclusions/Significance: Our results indicate that users who proclaim their political affiliation within the community tend to proclaim their identity as a 'Wikipedian' even more loudly. It seems that the shared identity of 'being Wikipedian' may be strong enough to triumph over other potentially divisive facets of personal identity, such as political affiliation.

关键词： Landscape heterogeneity   Landscape metric   Landscape pattern   Spatial scale   Vegetation carbon stock   Vegetation carbon density  

摘要： The relationship between landscape patterns and functions is the central research theme of landscape ecology and forest management. This study assesses the interactive relationship of landscape heterogeneity with the carbon stock of urban forests in the city of Xiamen, Fujian Province, China, using spatial and statistical analyses. The objectives of this study are to explore the most appropriate scale for studying urban landscape patterns in Xiamen, analyze the dynamics of forested landscape heterogeneity at different scales, and identify suitable landscape metrics that are closely related to and can be used to describe vegetation carbon density. This study is based on data from 31,933 plots measured during the years 1972, 1996, and 2006 and collected as part of the Chinese National Forest Resource Planning and Inventory Program. A total of 12 landscape metrics were used to quantify spatial patterns and were subsequently related to vegetation carbon density. The results show that the most appropriate scale for landscape pattern analysis is 80 km(2). With urbanization advancing between 1972 and 1996, landscape heterogeneity at both class and landscape levels showed a significant increase and then remained stable from 1996 to 2006. Shannon's diversity index was the most sensitive landscape metric among all selected landscape heterogeneity metrics, and its ability to explain the variation of carbon density was better than that of forest types. This study clearly shows that information on spatial patterns of landscape heterogeneity is important for urban forest landscape planning to achieve forest carbon objective. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 区别   适用情况   方法  

摘要： 施工合同按其结算方式主要分为固定总价合同和固定单价合同,文章讲述了固定总价合同与固定单价合同的定义、区别、这两种合同在我国的适用情况、固定总价合同和固定单价合同计算与支付方法。最后一段讲述了两个合同的利弊。

关键词： 教学片断   包装纸   学问   对比   分类   小学数学   长方体   北师大版  

摘要： “包装的学问”是北师大版小学数学五年级下册“数学与购物”单元的内容，教材通过研究将2个、3个、4个相同的长方体包装成一个新的长方体，怎样包装才能节约包装纸的问题，探求多个相同长方体组合成一个新的长方体后使其表面积最小的最优策略，其中包装4个长方体以其包装方法多样，表面积最小难以确定成为本节课的难点，不少教师在教学这个环节时，效果都不理想。最近，听一位教师执教了该节课，他对这个环节的处理，非常巧妙，摘录下来，供大家参考。

关键词： 劳动合同书   书面形式   必备条款   主要条款   法律责任  

摘要： 书面劳动合同书有多种多样。从形式上看:有人社局制定的文本,有用人单位打印的文本,有用人单位手写的文本;从内容上看:有具备全部必备条款的文本,也有缺少某项必备条款的文本。由于国家法律对劳动合同书形式无具体规定,笔者认为,无论何种形式的劳动合同书,只要具备了主要条款即使缺少一些必备条款,也能成立,即为《劳动合同法》第八十二条规定中的"订立书面劳动合同",不应按《劳动合同法》第八十二条的规定接受处罚。

关键词： 劳动合同   书面形式   人力资源部   法律法规   身体素质   公司   哺乳期   证明  

摘要： 问：我公司与员工刘某的劳动合同应该在2011年5月到期。但在4月某日，因刘某怀有身孕，休假待产，所以公司决定按照法律法规的规定将刘某的劳动合同顺延至哺乳期结束时再自行终止。此后，公司通过人力资源部将书面通知与慰问品一并送到了刘某的家中，刘某也开始放心得在家待产。产期结束后，刘某本应如约回到公司上班，但是公司却收到她向公司送交的一份医生证明，该证明中载明“因身体素质原因，

关键词： 贮木场   木材检验   重要作用   管理措施  

摘要： 本文从木材检验工作的重要作用入手,指出了木材检验工作是从木材生产到销售整个过程中的重要环节,在木材生产和流通中起着不可或缺的重要作用,以及对合理采伐、合理造材、合理保管木材起到监督的作用。同时对木材检验的管理措施也表述了自己的想法。

关键词： 临床科室   检验医师   检验医学   医学专业知识   执业医师资格   检验结果   检验专科   实验技术  

摘要： 检验医师需要具备临床医学专业知识，并已考取执业医师资格的人员，在进行一段时间的检验专科培训后，主要负责与临床科室沟通。近年来，先进的实验技术与仪器的逐渐普及，不仅提高了实验结果的精确性和准确性，还为临床提供了许多新的指标。解释检验结果的临床意义，出现危急值检验结果及时反馈给临床医生，并进一步与临床沟通、交流，能更好地为疾病诊断、治疗、监测等提供帮助[1]。那么，检验医师具体在临床中发挥什么样的作用？主要分为几个方面？根据具体国情和实际情况，目前检验医师在实际工作中存在什么样的不足？结合上述几个问题，本文详细阐明如下：