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关键词： 经济增长   财政支出   工业化进程   检验   发达国家   经济发展   经济思想   哈佛大学  

摘要： 哈佛大学著名经济史学家格申克隆（1966）在观察英美等发达国家的工业化进程之后曾指出，经济愈是不发达的国家在其工业化的进程中政府的作用愈是重要。各国经济发展的历程无疑是对这一假说的最好佐证。从最初的“守夜者”到积极的调控者，政府在经济发展中的作用日益变得无以替代。经济思想的成长虽然几经政府与市场的博弈，但作为调节经济的重要手段——财政政策对经济增长的重要作用却已在经济思想中根深蒂固。

关键词： 股市发展   经济增长   单位根检验  

摘要： 关于金融体系和经济增长之间关系的争论由来已久。本文在分析国外关于这一争论的研究成果的基础上,对中国的股票市场发展与经济增长之间的关系做了一系列实证检验,考察了金融体系的一个组成部分———股票市场与经济增长的关系。检验结果说明,中国股市发展与经济增长之间的相关性不高,回归结果也不能说明中国股市发展会推动经济增长。

关键词： .waive   CONDITIONALLY   HYBRID   EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP   covenants   Non-Compete   Employee Rights   bodies of law   form of employment   mandatory arbitration agreements   RIGHTS AND CONTRACT   external law   ordinary contract   postemployment  

摘要： The employment relationship is governed largely by contract, but with a heavy overlay of "rights": minimum terms and individual fights that are established by external law and are typically nonwaivable. But some terms Of employment are governed neither by ordinary contract nor by ordinary rights, nor even by ordinary waivable rights. Both of the two most controversial contractual instruments in employment law today-non-compete covenants and mandatory arbitration agreements-take the form of written contracts;both waive important employee rights (the right to compete postemployment, the right to litigate future claims);and both are subject to substantive criteria of validity that are set by external law. Both bodies of law may be usefully described as recognizing "conditionally waivable" rights. This Article aims first to show structural parallels between non-compete covenants and mandatory arbitration agreements that place them at a distinct intermediate point along the spectrum between nonwaivable rights and ordinary contract. Second, it seeks to uncover a common logic underlying the law's choice of this particular hybrid of rights and contract. The linchpin of that common logic lies in the threat that an unregulated waiver of one right (the right to compete or to litigate future claims) poses to adjacent employee rights that the law deems nonwaivable. Third, this Article deploys that underlying logic to offer a critical assessment of the law governing non-competes and arbitration agreements. Finally, this Article tentatively explores the broader potential usefulness of conditional waivability as a way of regulating some terms Of employment. The intriguing potential of conditional waivability lies in its injection of some of the virtues of contract-especially flexibility and variability in the face of widely divergent and changing circumstances-into the Pursuit of public goals and the realization of rights in the workplace.

关键词： outcome   psychosis   mania   Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale   first episode  

摘要： Research on predicting and preventing episodes of schizophrenia and mood disorder lacks consistent, specific definitions of episodes. We present an operational system for identifying relapse, exacerbation, and remission of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder within longitudinal studies that involve repeated symptom assessments. Three major classes of episodic outcome are defined: relapse or significant exacerbation, nonrelapse, and stable, severe persisting symptoms. These major classes are further subdivided to distinguish nine categories of episodic outcome. To examine ease of use, interrater reliability, and validity, the classification system was applied to recent-onset samples of schizophrenia patients (N=77) and bipolar mood disorder patients (N=23) followed on medication for 9- to 12-month periods. A range of episodic outcomes were distinguished with high interrater reliability. Despite being prescribed continuous medication, 21% of the recent-onset schizophrenia patients and 61% of bipolar patients met criteria for relapse or significant exacerbation during this follow-up period. Predictive relationships support the validity of this system for classifying episodes. A computer program is available to facilitate its use. Use of these explicit definitions of episodes may help to clarify the relationship between episodic outcome and other fundamental domains of illness outcome, particularly other symptom dimensions, work functioning, and social functioning. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 标本   涂片   革兰染色  

摘要： 标本直接涂片革兰染色有助于正确鉴别标本来源和性质,判断机体某些系统的微生态是否平衡,有助于对感染菌的判断,有助于提高标本阳性检出率,有助于临床早诊断,早治疗。总之,可以为临床提供科学的诊疗依据。

关键词： 型式检验   《电动自行车通用技术条件》   质量管理   生产许可证   生产条件   企业   助力车   定期   产品  

摘要： 助力车产品生产许可证企业生产条件审查办法中规定：企业应定期依据国标、行标或企标对产品定期进行型式检验，按照目前GB17761-1999《电动自行车通用技术条件》中规定：年产万辆以下，每六个月进行一次；年产万辆以上，每三个月进行一次，但是从目前所了解的情况看，对这一规定执行得并不尽人意，可能有的是怕麻烦，也有的是为减少眼前看得见的成本支出，可能更多的是企业对型式检验的作用不是太清楚，为此，必要提醒企业重视这一问题。

关键词： 违约责任   侵权责任   涉外违约责任与侵权责任竟合  

摘要： 随着国际经贸交往的发展,涉外违约责任与侵权责任竞合的现象大量涌现,而大多数国家的涉外法律均未对此类案件的处理作出明确规定。此类案件的处理已成为国际私法领域的一个新课题。本文拟对此类案件的一般处理方法、特殊处理方法和法律规避问题进行探讨,以期能为此类案件的解决提供些许参考。

关键词： 足迹检验鉴定   证据   刑事侦查  

摘要： 随着犯罪形势的变化,足迹检验在侦查破案中的地位越来越突出,越来越为公安和司法部门所重视,这是由足迹本身具有的重要证据作用特点所决定的。通过赤足足迹的检验鉴定可以直接认定人身。而足迹的检验鉴定也可以间接认定人身。但不能把足迹的鉴定结论绝对化而排除其他证据,只有把其鉴定结论摆在适当的位置,与其他证据相互呼应,才是科学的态度。

关键词： 检验   药物非临床安全性评价(GLP)  

摘要： 药物非临床安全性评价(GLP)是药物在进入临床之前的一个重要环节,它通过在合格的实验动物及其替代物身上找到相应的靶器官,以了解药物对机体的影响及作用。以前,血液化学检测主要靠分光光度仪进行比色,对测取值按照公式进行计算核对;血液常规检测也靠手工推片,显微镜计数,人为干扰因素大,缺乏客观性,使实验中数据误差大,进度慢。于是,就出现了一种病理检查决定一切的状况,只要病理无问题,那么,所有的检验结果就应该在正常范围内波动。所以,在实验结束后,只要实验动物外观无异常,病理组织观察无异常,即可得出药物具有的通常安全性,以至在很多情况下,血液检验只是作为一个观测指标而不是作为检验指标出现在报告中。说明在动物实验中,不论是实验人员还是检验人员本身都不重视检验工作的重要性。[第一段]

关键词： 买受人   保证金   违约责任   拍卖公司   委托人   拍卖法   拍卖人   交易费用   产权交易   合同法  

摘要： 在拍卖活动中,因买受人违约,从而对其所缴纳的保证金如何定性和处理,也是当前拍卖活动中经常出现的问题之一,往往争议颇多。(一)笔者所在公司2004年接受某国有企业破产清算组的委托,按照《拍卖法》等法律规定,对该破产企业的全部机器设备进行拍卖。