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关键词： 合同形式   法定合同形式   法定形式欠缺  

摘要： 合同形式自由与合同形式法定是对立统一的合同形式规制的方式。合同形式的法律规制以自由为原则，法定为例外。探讨法定的合同形式对于正确理解合同形式自由、正确适应法律具有重要的意义。合同采取法定形式的原因在法律发展的不同历史阶段有不同的表现。在法律发展的早期，合同采取法定形式的原因主要是出于“担保”的目的，是对合同法律效力的确认。在现代法上，采取法定合同形式的原因主要是警示目的、标识目的、证据目的以及对社会公共利益、第三人利益、弱势群体利益的法律保护目的等。从操作层面上来看，通过书面形式能够有效的实现以上的法律目的。特别是对于社会公共利益来说，只有通过审批、登记这些特殊的法定书面形式，国家才能有效的对私法主体之间的法律关系进行管理和控制。类型法定是合同形式法定的题中之意。法定合同形式的类型主要包括一般书面形式与特殊书面形式。一般书面形式包括合同书、信件和数据电文，本文对这三种类型的书面形式所涉及的法律问题，例如书面形式的构成、签章等进行了探讨。特殊的书面形式包括批准与登记。本文分析了国内外关于法定合同形式的立法例，在此基础上提出了法定合同形式的确立标准。立法者在确认哪些类型的合同应该采取法定形式时主要考虑了以下几个因素：法律传统、避免当事人轻率决定、民事关系的复杂程度、维护交易安全、保护国家利益、社会公共利益以及特定群体的利益。违反法定形式的法律后果一般为无效。在符合条件的情况下，无效的法律后果可以补救。大陆法系主要采用履行治愈与诚实信用原则两种方式；英美法系主要采用部分履行与禁反言。我国合同法规定了履行治愈的方式，我国的规定存在缺陷，该规定的适应范围应该严格限制。

关键词： improvisation   teacher-child interaction   classroom  

摘要： This article explores the use of improvisation (improv) as a lens for viewing and describing teacher-child interactions. The author describes the relationship between the principles of improv and the characteristics of responsive teaching, and how improv can be used as a lens for seeing relational activity. The author hypothesizes that improv would provide a valuable tool for understanding and describing what is happening between teachers and children. An in-depth case study was conducted of an experienced early childhood teacher in a play-based classroom. Analysis was done using both the codes derived from the teacher-child interaction literature and improv theory. Improv analysis offered a nuanced picture of what early childhood teachers are doing in practice. The findings revealed that using improv provides a lens for seeing teacher-child interactions as an ensemble activity and what the teacher is doing in terms of its usefulness to the activity. While this study focused on a single teacher in one classroom, the findings demonstrate the potential of an improv lens for developing and deepening our understanding of early childhood teaching. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： principal component analysis   radionuclides   soils   classification  

摘要： A principal component analysis (PCA) was used for classification of soil samples from different locations in Serbia and Montenegro. Based on activities of radionuclides (Ra-226, U-238, U-235, K-40, Cs-134, Cs-131, Th-232 and Be-7) detected by gamma-ray spectrometry, the classification of soils according to their geographical origin was performed. Application of PCA to our experimental data resulted in satisfactory classification rate (86.0% correctly classified samples). The obtained results indicate that gamma-ray spectrometry in conjunction with PCA is a viable tool for soil classification. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 经济增长   外国直接投资   出口   技术进步  

摘要： 关于对外直接投资对东道国经济影响存在利大于弊和弊大于利两种截然相反的观点，从而导致对待外资支持或反对两种态度.为此对科布一道格拉斯生产函数进行适当拓展后，对我国利用外资对经济增长、出口和技术进步的作用进行了检验，结果显示基本支持第一种观点，即吸引外资总体上有利于我国经济发展，应当继续扩大吸引外资．

关键词： 合同诈骗   直接故意   间接故意   行为方式  

摘要： 合同诈骗罪主观方面犯罪故意的形式只能是直接故意。主张合同诈骗罪的犯罪故意形式也包括间接故意的观点,其主要错误源于没有认清合同诈骗罪的结果加重犯情况,未能理解将作为和不作为两种行为方式结合在一起实施的合同诈骗罪客观现象的实质。

关键词： 合作社组织   农户收入   合同契约   农产品市场结构   “龙头”企业   农业产业化经营   “公司+农户”   委托-代理关系   市场主体  

摘要： 一、合同组织形式中农户收入的决定在农业产业化经营中,合同组织形式指市场主体之间按照相互签订的合同契约来承担约定的责权利."公司+ 农户"是这种组织形式的代表,"龙头"企业与农户的基本关系可以理解为一种委托- 代理关系,这种关系以双方签订合同的方式得以确立.

关键词： 分类   包装   危险品   危险货物   国民经济   运输安全   危险物   定级  

摘要： 随着国民经济的飞速发展，危险货物的种类、数量在不断地增多。据统计，全世界海运总量的40％以上是危险物，所以针对危险货物作出正确的分类定级是必不可少的，然后再按照分类定级选择相应的危险货物的专用包装，才能确保运输安全。

关键词： 文件格式要求   格式特征   种类   价值   作用  

摘要： 有观点认为文件格式特征包含在文字布局特征之中。本文以格式为切入点,探讨文件格式与文件格式特征的概念,以书信和书写票据为例,论述其格式要求,结合国家标准、规定及实际案例,研究文件格式特征的种类,其与文字布局特征之间的区别、联系,及其在文件检验中的作用、价值。

关键词： 招标投标   合同   生效时间  

摘要： 由于对相关法律条文的理解不同,在招投标过程中,关于合同成立时间的问题存在着两种不同的观点,并因此在司法实践中产生了两种不同的判决结果,通过对这两种观点进行了整理和分析,对如何解决这一问题进行了一些探讨。

关键词： boar taint   skatole   androstenone   volatile compounds   head space   pig back fat  

摘要： Dynamic Head Space methodology was applied to evaluate the possible contribution of some volatile compounds to the development of boar taint in pig backfat samples with low concentrations of skatole and androstenone, but which had previously been classified as tainted by a trained test panel. Volatile compounds were collected in a trap of graphited charcoal and analysed by GC-MS in Scan mode. Aldehydes and short chain fatty acids, compounds that play a significant role in the development of undesirable aromas in food products, were the main classes of compounds identified in this study, although the possible contribution of other compounds that were detected in a minor proportion - such as alcohols and ketones - was evaluated. Styrene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene, compounds that may have come from an external contamination, showed a high concentration in the samples classified with boar taint, so these compounds could have been responsible for the development of some off-flavours in the fat samples studied in this work. In the same study, skatole and androstenone were also determined by normal phase HPLC and GCMS, respectively. (C) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.