学科服务 更多>>

关键词： 实质正义   消费者合同   消费者合同法  

摘要： 消费者合同法是社会经济发展的产物 ,其性质与功能渊源于消费者合同的历史演进。消费者合同法的功能在于平衡消费者与生产经营者之间的利益分配 ,协调两者悬殊的实力差距 ,促成合同法的平等与自由原则由形式正义向实质正义的转变 ,并推进社会经济的良性发展。我国合同法应明确规定消费者合同 。

关键词： 合同形式   法律评价   合同自由   法律效力   比较法   立法选择  

摘要： 合同形式即合同的表达方式,作为合同意思表示的载体,其在不同的历史时期,甚至在同一时期的不同国家和地区对合同的影响力均是不同的。合同形式的立法选择,体现了法律对合同形式的价值判断。学说上及实践中,对是否应对合同形式进行强制及合同形式强制的效力是什么,均存在着激烈的争论。本文拟从契约效力的根源着手分析,从比较法的角度对合同形式及其欠缺的法律效力进行探析。

关键词： 汽车   强制检验   评估   环境保护  

摘要： 环保技术是推动汽车工业发展的动力源之一。在对汽车尾气的产生原因与危害进行必要阐述的基础上,就汽车强制性检验和汽车评估的目的、现状及其在保护环境方面的作用展开论述,有针对性地提出了控制汽车污染的措施。

关键词： 药品检验   药品监督管理  

摘要： 2001年修订的<中华人民共和国药品管理法>(下简称<药品管理法>)首次以法律形式明确了药品检验机构的法律地位,法律赋予其权力的同时亦规定了法律义务和责任.充分发挥药检所的技术支撑作用是我们药检所面临的重要课题.本文结合近几年的工作实践以及药品检验在药品监督中所起的作用,对如何提高药检所工作质量,为政府、客户提供客观、公正、优质、高效的服务,现将我们在实践中得到的一些体会与同行商榷.

关键词： 车辆财产   所有权   合同   交通安全   运输企业  

摘要： 20世纪90年代初,"有路大家行车,有水大家行船"的道路运输经营放开思路一经推出,个体交通运输发展十分迅速,道路旅客运输企业挂靠经营现象几乎遍及各省、市、县.由于挂靠者成分复杂,车辆挂靠后,日常车辆技术管理和日常安全教育管理难以落实,严重危害交通安全,交通事故率较高.交通主管部门从2003年起,开始对道路运输行业的客运车辆挂靠经营行为进行清理、整顿,其目的是要使客运车辆基本实现集约化经营,形成"线路经营权明确、车辆产权清晰、企业管理规范、人员素质提高和服务质量特别是安全质量明显改善"的道路旅客运输健康发展新格局.

关键词： Language Arts   Classroom Observation Techniques   Reading Skills   Reading Comprehension   Instructional Effectiveness   Teaching Methods   Class Activities   Skill Development   Scores   Measures (Individuals)  

摘要： This study examined the effect of 3rd-grade language arts instruction on growth in children's reading comprehension skills and the degree to which the impact of instruction depended on the language and reading skills children brought to the classroom. Classrooms were observed in the fall, winter, and spring, and language arts activities were coded using multiple dimensions of instruction. Overall, the effect of instruction depended on children's fall reading comprehension scores. Children with average to low fall reading comprehension scores achieved greater growth in classrooms with more time spent on teacher-managed reading comprehension instructional activities but demonstrated less growth in classrooms with more time spent on child-managed reading comprehension activities. Research and classroom instruction implications are discussed.

关键词： system dynamics   body weight regulation   glycogen levels   dietary fat   exercise  

摘要： Objective: A systems dynamics computer model was developed to examine how the interactions between carbohydrate and fat metabolism influence body weight regulation. It reflects the operation of a two reservoir-system: one representing the body's limited glycogen, and the other, its large fat reserves. The outflows from the reservoirs correspond to the oxidation of glucose and fat, whose relative contributions are affected by the size of the prevailing glycogen and fat reserves. Together, they meet the body's energy expenditure. Replenishments occur three times per day, in portions restoring total glycogen content to specific levels. A parameter mimicking the action of insulin is necessary to create realistic responses. Research Methods and Procedures: The model was run for 125-day periods to establish the degree of adiposity for which rates of fat oxidation become commensurate with fat intake and the influence thereon of various dietary, environmental, lifestyle, and inherited variables. Results: Equivalent degrees of adiposity can be sustained under a variety of conditions. For instance, the impact on steady-state body fat contents of a 10% increase or decrease in. the energy provided by dietary fat is offset by a 26-gram decrease or increase in mean glycogen levels. Discussion: Environmental factors such as food diversity, palatability, and availability can be expected to raise the range within which glycogen levels are habitually maintained. This restrains fat oxidation, until expansion of the fat mass is sufficient to promote fat oxidation to a rate commensurate with dietary fat intake. This metabolic leverage can explain why increased food offerings tend to raise the prevalence of obesity.

关键词： bioinformatics   chance correlation   class prediction   classification   decision forest   prediction confidence   prostate cancer   proteomics   SELDI-TOF  

摘要： Class prediction using "omics" data is playing an increasing role in toxicogenomics, diagnosis/prognosis, and risk assessment. These data are usually noisy and represented by relatively few samples and a very large number of predictor variables (e.g., genes of DNA microarray data or m/z peaks of mass spectrometry data). These characteristics manifest the importance of assessing potential random correlation and overfitting of noise for a classification model based on omics data. We present a novel classification method, decision forest (DF), for class prediction using omics data. DF combines the results of multiple heterogeneous but comparable decision tree (DT) models to produce a consensus prediction. The method is less prone to overfitting of noise and chance correlation. A DF model was developed to predict presence of prostate cancer using a proteomic data set generated from surface-enhanced laser deposition/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS). The degree of chance correlation and prediction confidence of the model was rigorously assessed by extensive cross-validation and randomization testing. Comparison of model prediction with imposed random correlation demonstrated biologic relevance of the model and the reduction of overfitting in DF. Furthermore, two confidence levels (high and low confidences) were assigned to each prediction, where most misclassifications were associated with the low-confidence region. For the high-confidence prediction, the model achieved 99.2% sensitivity and 98.2% specificity. The model also identified a list of significant peaks that could be useful for biomarker identification. DF should be equally applicable to other omics data such as gene expression data or metabolomic data. The DF algorithm is available upon request.

关键词： brown trout   compensatory growth   correlational selection   costs of growth   life-history trade-offs   Salmo trutta  

摘要： Organisms usually grow slower than their maximum potential under a given set of conditions, suggesting that fast growth carries a corresponding fitness cost. A pattern of growth that might influence such costs is compensatory (or catch-up) growth, where individuals grow faster than expected. One form of compensatory growth occurs when small individuals grow faster for their size than do large individuals, thereby decreasing (or slowing the increase in) size disparity between themselves and larger conspecifics. We tested these ideas over several seasons in wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) by estimating selection acting on individual size, growth and compensatory growth. We then examined population-level growth patterns to determine whether they influence individual-level selection. Selection generally did not favour large individuals or those with slow growth;indeed, the opposite was more likely. Moreover, selection did not act against small/fast-growing individuals (i.e. those expressing compensatory growth). Population-level growth was proportional (i.e. mass increases were a constant percentage of initial mass across the range of body sizes) in all seasons except for the spring and, to a lesser degree, the early summer of the second year of life. In these two intervals, small fish showed greater proportional growth than large fish and small/fast-growing fish had higher (or at least not lower) survival. An intriguing explanation for these results is that fast (and compensatory) growth is only exhibited when the costs of fast growth are lows. Our study introduces a novel approach for assessing growth at the population level, as well as the survival costs associated with individual size and growth.

摘要： Southeastern Alaska, encompassing the glaciated Chugach-St. Elias range (Figure 1), is one of the premier locations where tectonics, orogenesis, glacial erosion, landscape modification, and continental margin sedimentation can be studied in unison, allowing for quantitative models to be developed linking this suite of processes [e.g., Jaeger et al, 2001 ]. This area is an exceptional natural laboratory for studying a range of geologic problems (Figures 2 and 3), including the links between orogenic processes and continental accretion, glacial landscape modification, and sedimentation. Geologic processes operate at rapid rates along the margin, which allows concurrent data collection on tectonic deformation, uplift, erosion, and sedimentation and development of comprehensive geodynamic models connecting these diverse *** active processes in southeastern Alaska are comparable or significantly greater than those studied in the Himalayan orogeny, and include extremely high sediment yields, active faults associated with mountains and valley glaciers, and orogeny coinciding with extensive glacial cover.