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关键词： 合同形式   合理性   完备性   格式合同  

摘要： 《民法通则》关于合同形式的规定是符合“契约自由”原则的先进的立法观念的 ,但《经济合同法》却采取了与之相对应的要式主义的合同形式规则。现代合同法兼顾交易安全与交易便捷两项价值 ,合理地确定不要式主义与要式例外的合同形式规则。我国统一合同法反映了现代合同法的立法观念 ,对合同形式进行了完善和丰富。

关键词： 质量检验员   产品检验   工作经验   全面质量管理  

摘要： 质量检验员在质量管理中如何发挥更大的作用，本文的作者根据多年来的工作实践，提出了主动与生产人员进行交流；制定质量计划防止无标生产，做好首件检验和巡检等质量检验员的工作要点。

关键词： 成分数据   因子分析   最优斜交因子   地质样品   分类  

摘要： 地质样品的化学组成都是成分数据。确定一组混合源成分数据的端元数目、端元的化学组成及各样品中含各端元的绝对份额是地质样品成因分类的关键。求解这一问题相当于确定模型X=LB(lij≥ 0 ,∑lij=1)中X矩阵的秩、B矩阵的行向量和L矩阵的列向量。在确定X矩阵的秩和初始B0 矩阵的基础上 ,用限定最小二乘法循环调整矩阵B0 ,使其bij≥ 0和∑bij=1而得矩阵B ,同时也解得了矩阵L。X矩阵的秩和B0 是在传统的Q型因子分析基础上 。

关键词： square-wave voltammetry   chemometrics   pattern recognition   factor analysis   regression  

摘要： Square wave voltammetry at platinum electrodes of 55 untreated liquid samples, including wines, beers, coffees, milks and fruit juices was performed, and the resulting voltammograms were analyzed using principal components analysis (PCA). Pattern recognition, using plots of the first two principal components, as well as cluster analysis, was used to determine subpopulation groupings. Variable selection, using subsets of the complete voltammograms, allowed finer classification of nonalcoholic beverages based on type and brand. Principal components regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) were applied to voltammograms of diluted pure orange juice samples to determine whether adulteration can be detected by these methods. RMS errors in volume fractions in the calibration set were 2.0% and 1.84, respectively, for PCR and PLS, and 4.0% (PCR) and 5.4% (PLS) in the validation set. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Bovine Herpesvirus-1   BHV-1   bulk-tank milk   IBR   ELISA   cattle-microbiological disease  

摘要： Bulk-tank milk samples analysed in a Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) blocking ELISA are still in use in the Danish BHV-1 programme as a tool to classify dairy herds as BHV-1 infected or BHV-1 free herds. in this retrospective study, we used data from the Danish BHV-1 eradication campaign to evaluate performance characteristics of the BHV-1 blocking ELISA in 1039 BHV-1-seropositive and 502 repeatedly BHV-1-negative dairy herds using the results of blood testing of the individual animals as the true infection status. At a cut-off value of 30% blocking reaction, the herd-level relative sensitivity and relative specificity were 82 and 100%, respectively. The herd-level relative sensitivity depended on the within-herd prevalence of seropositive cows and the cut-off value in the assay, but not on the time interval (up to 90 days) between the collection of the bulk-tank milk sample and the individual serum samples. The BHV-1 blocking ELISA on bulk-tank milk could detect seropositive herds (few), with prevalence proportions as low as one seropositive cow out of 70 cows. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： INFECTIOUS bronchitis in poultry   POULTRY diseases  

摘要： The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RT-PCR-RFLP) technique has been developed and used in the serotype diagnosis of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection. In this report, we first demonstrate that the RT-PCR-RFLP was sensitive in detecting both Massachusetts 41 (Mass 41) and JMK strains of IBV singly;the detection limit for both was approximately 0.15 ng viral RNA using gel electrophoresis. Subsequently, the ability of the technique to semi-quantify the relative amounts of Mass 41 and JMK RNA in their mixture was shown by performing RT-PCR-RFLP on various combinations of serially diluted known amounts of Mass 41 and JMK RNA. Results indicated that both Mass 41 and JMK can be detected and semi-quantified when there is less than 10(3)-fold difference between the two viral RNA template inputs, which are above the lower detection limit. Based on this result, the interaction between Mass 41 and JMK in ovo was examined by inoculating 10-day-old embryos with various combinations of different EID50 titers of Mass 41 and JMK. RT-PCR-RFLP results showed that Mass 41 dominates over JMK in an EID50 titer-dependent fashion, but not the reverse. To further investigate the underlying mechanism, replication efficiency of Mass 41 and JMK was compared at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h after inoculation of embryos with 10(5.3) EID50 of individual Mass 41 and JMK. No significant difference (P > 0.05) on replication efficiency between these two serotypes was found based on the results of total RNA concentration and RT-PCR results of 10-fold dilution of RNA at the indicated time points. By inoculating heat-inactivated Mass 41 with live JMK into embryos, only JMK was detected by RT-PCR-RFLP and no dominating interference was observed. Data suggest that the dominance is not due to the replication efficiency of Mass 41 and JMK;a receptor-mediated mechanism might be responsible for it.

关键词： Acute Disease   Algorithms   Artificial Intelligence   Colonic Neoplasms/classification   Colonic Neoplasms/genetics   Colonic Neoplasms/pathology   Databases, Factual   DNA, Neoplasm/analysis   Female   Humans   Leukemia, Myeloid/classification   Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics   Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology   Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods   Ovarian Neoplasms/classification   Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics   Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology   Ovary/pathology   Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/classification   Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics   Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology   Software  

摘要： Motivation: DNA microarray experiments generating thousands of gene expression measurements, are being used to gather information from tissue and cell samples regarding gene expression differences that will be useful in diagnosing disease. We have developed a new method to analyse this kind of data using support vector machines (SVMs). This analysis consists of both classification of the tissue samples, and an exploration of the data for mis-labeled or questionable tissue results. Results: We demonstrate the method in detail on samples consisting of ovarian cancer tissues, normal ovarian tissues, and other normal tissues. The dataset consists of expression experiment results for 97 802 cDNAs for each tissue. As a result of computational analysis, a tissue sample is discovered and confirmed to be wrongly labeled Upon correction of this mistake and the removal of an outlier perfect classification of tissues is achieved, but not with high confidence. We identify and analyse a subset of genes from the ovarian dataset whose expression is highly differentiated between the types of tissues. To show robustness of the SVM method, two previously published datasets from other types of tissues or cells are analysed The results are comparable to those previously obtained. We show that other machine learning methods also perform comparably to the SVM on many of those datasets.

关键词： 经济合同   诈骗   合同管理   法律事务   规范化  

摘要： 一、利用经济合同进行诈骗的形式 所谓利用经济合同诈骗,就是利用签订虚假、无效的经济合同,骗取他人巨额财物的行为。这类犯罪行为主观上没有履行合同的诚意,客观上没有履行合同的能力。 1.利用某些企事业单位想“发财”,“赚大钱”,急需某种紧俏商品的心理,谎称能够搞到这些商品,骗取信任,签订合同。一旦骗得货款或定金,然后溜之大吉。 2.行骗者利用对方急于推销某种商品的心理,谎称自己购买或帮助推销,骗取信任,签订合同。

关键词： 合同法   格式条款   表现形式   定型化  

关键词： 法定形式   合同形式   合同法   合同   法律效力  

摘要： 合同的法定形式要求对合同的效力和合同的救济可能产生不同的影响 ,而我国合同法对于合同法定形式的规定还过于原则 ,不具有可操作性。本文通过对我国合同法有关规定进行比较研究 ,最后提出相应的完善建设。