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关键词： Visualization authoring tools   Interaction techniques   Cognition   Evaluation   Exploration   Creation   Presentation   Expressive  

摘要： We review the state-of-the-art interaction techniques of visualization authoring tools. The visualization tools tend to help users in the creation, exploration, or presentation of visualizations. Also, they allow users to craft expressive designs or extract data from visualizations. The review presents the interaction techniques integrated into the tools for those mentioned above five high-level goals. We cover each goal's tools and summarize how a sequence in the independent interaction techniques leads to the goal. We also discuss how well researchers had evaluated the usability and intuitiveness of interaction techniques. We aimed to reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of the evaluations. To that end, from the perspective of human cognition, we reviewed the goals, procedures, and findings of evaluations. Principally, human cognition is engaged when they perform tasks in a tool. The interaction techniques bridge the gap between human cognition and the goals they want to achieve from the tool. To sum up, in this review, we present a novel triad 'goals-interaction techniques-cognition' taxonomy. Besides, the review suggests the need for further work to enhance tools and understand users. [GRAPHICS] .

关键词： Autism spectrum disorder   Autism diagnostic observation schedule   Conditional random forest   Functional connectivity   fMRI   Symptom severity   Machine learning   Heterogeneity  

摘要： Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions. In fMRI studies, including most machine learning studies seeking to distinguish ASD from typical developing (TD) samples, cohorts differing in gender and symptom severity composition are often treated statistically as one 'ASD group.' Using resting-state functional connectivity (FC) data, we implemented random forest to build diagnostic classifiers in four ASD samples including a total of 656 participants (N-ASD = 306,N-TD = 350, ages 6-18). Groups were manipulated to titrate heterogeneity of gender and symptom severity and partially overlapped. Each sample differed on inclusionary criteria: (1) all genders, unrestricted severity range;(2) only male participants, unrestricted severity;(3) all genders, higher severity only;and (4) only male participants, higher severity. Each set consisted of 200 participants per group (ASD, TD;matched on age and head motion): 160 for training and 40 for validation. FMRI time series from 237 regions of interest (ROIs) were Pearson correlated in a 237 x 237 FC matrix, and classifiers were built using random forest in training samples. Classification accuracies in validation samples were 62.5%, 65%, 70%, and 73.75%, respectively, for samples 1-4. Connectivity within cingulo-opercular task control (COTC) network, and between COTC ROIs and default mode and dorsal attention network contributed overall most informative features, but features differed across sets. Findings suggest that diagnostic classifiers vary depending on ASD sample composition. Specifically, greater homogeneity of samples regarding gender and symptom severity enhances classifier performance. However, given the true heterogeneity of ASDs, performance metrics alone may not adequately reflect classifier utility.

关键词： Student-faculty interactions   Career attitudes   Higher education  

摘要： This study examined the relationship between student-faculty interaction in college and students' fourth-year career attitudes toward professional success. Results suggest that some interactions with faculty, such as frequency of student-faculty interaction, are positively associated with students' fourth-year career attitudes toward professional success. Other interactions, such as personal discussions with faculty and research with a faculty member, are negatively associated with certain attitudes about professional success such as students' desire to make a lot of money. These mixed findings suggest that faculty may have a role to play in shaping students' career attitudes, but that interactions with faculty, depending on the type and context of the interaction, may encourage or discourage students' attitudes regarding professional success.

关键词： Bayesian latent class analysis   infective endocarditis   injection drug use   misclassification error   national surveys   prevalence   temporal trends  

摘要： Administrative health databases have been used to monitor trends in infective endocarditis hospitalization related to nonprescription injection drug use (IDU) using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code algorithms. Because no ICD code for IDU exists, drug dependence and hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been used as surrogate measures for IDU, making misclassification error (ME) a threat to the accuracy of existing estimates. In a serial cross-sectional analysis, we compared the unadjusted and ME-adjusted prevalences of IDU among 70,899 unweighted endocarditis hospitalizations in the 2007-2016 National Inpatient Sample. The unadjusted prevalence of IDU was estimated with a drug algorithm, an HCV algorithm, and a combination algorithm (drug and HCV). Bayesian latent class models were used to estimate the median IDU prevalence and 95% Bayesian credible intervals and ICD algorithm sensitivity and specificity. Sex- and age group-stratified IDU prevalences were also estimated. Compared with the misclassification-adjusted prevalence, unadjusted estimates were lower using the drug algorithm and higher using the combination algorithm. The median ME-adjusted IDU prevalence increased from 9.7% (95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI): 6.3, 14.8) in 2008 to 32.5% (95% BCI: 26.5, 38.2) in 2016. Among persons aged 18-34 years, IDU prevalence was higher in females than in males. ME adjustment in ICD-based studies of injection-related endocarditis is recommended.

关键词： Face recognition   Single-sample per person   Dissimilarity   Image partitioning  

摘要： In single-sample face recognition (SSFR) tasks, the nearest neighbor classifier (NNC) is the most popular method for its simplicity in implementation. However, in complex situations with light, posture, expression, and obscuration, NNC cannot achieve good recognition performance when applying common distance measurements, such as the Euclidean distance. Thus, this paper proposes a novel distance measurement scheme for NNC and applies it to SSFR. The proposed method, called dissimilarity-based nearest neighbor classifier (DNNC), first segments each (training or test) image into non-overlapping patches with a given size and then generates an ordered image patch set. The dissimilarities between the given test image patch set and the training image patch sets are computed and taken as the distance measurement of NNC. The smaller the dissimilarity of image patch sets is, the closer is the distance from the test image to the training image. Therefore, the category of the test image can be determined according to the smallest dissimilarity. Extensive experiments on the AR face database demonstrate the effectiveness of DNNC, especially for the case of obscuration.

关键词： Chocolate   Cocoa beans   Multi-block   Spectroscopy   Chromatography   Classification   Sensory analysis  

摘要： The present study aims at developing an analytical methodology which allows correlating sensory poles of chocolate to their chemical characteristics and, eventually, to those of the cocoa beans used for its preparation. Trained panelists investigated several samples of chocolate, and they divided them into four sensorial poles (characterized by 36 different descriptors) attributable to chocolate flavor. The same samples were analyzed by six different techniques: Proton Transfer Reaction-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS), Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (SPME-GC-MS), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) (for the quantification of eight organic acids), Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS) for polyphenol quantification, 3D front face fluorescence Spectroscopy and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). A multi-block classification approach (Sequential and Orthogonalized-Partial Least Squares - SO-PLS) has been used, in order to exploit the chemical information to predict the sensorial poles of samples. Among thirty-one test samples, only two were misclassified.

关键词： Fuel-lubricant compatibility   Oxygenate compatibility   Additive interactions  

摘要： This work empirically evaluated oxygenated blendstock - lubricant compatibility using a novel but simple method. The reactivity or compatibility was evaluated via gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) before and after heating for 2 hat 150 degrees C, which would roughly mimic conditions encountered in the crankcase of a Spark Ignition (SI) or Compression-Ignition (CI) engine. Although 150 degrees C does not mimic combustion chamber temperatures, it may provide an insight of potential in-cylinder interactions. Five oxygenate blendstocks spanning several functional groups and chain lengths (prenol, isoprenol, butyl acetate, isohexanol, polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers) were evaluated in a base fuel with nine variations of lubricant components of controlled concentrations, including fully formulated commercial lubricants. Baseline comparative examples were also generated, to decouple the effect of the oxygenate on the mixture, by heating only the base fuel with the lubricant component. Results demonstrate the relative compatibility between noted lubricants and oxygenates in base fuel upon heating. This was illustrated by minimal to no changes in the GC-FID traces. However, reactions of several of the chosen lubricants, especially Molybdenum di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphor-odithioate (Molyvan L) and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), with prenol and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers blendstocks showed substantial side reactions compared to corresponding baseline examples. Control experiments without oxygenates but comprising the same lubricant components showed no change in the mixture with heating. We concluded the reactivity is due to the oxygenate and not the components of the base fuel. This preliminary work is valuable in establishing trends as well as providing useful information when a new component is introduced in the fuel.

关键词： 凝血酶原时间   肝硬化疾病   血小板检验   疾病类型   人体消化系统   诊断数据   发病因素   弥漫性  

摘要： 肝硬化是临床人体消化系统经常出现的疾病,发病因素是由多种因素反复作用导致的弥漫性损害,从而诱发肝硬化疾病。肝硬化严重时容易产生出血问题,也是导致死亡的恶性疾病之一。有针对性对患者的出血与疾病发展多加观察,有助于病情的准确判断,一定程度可对疾病发展进行控制,有助于预后的良好改善^([1])。为使肝硬化能够在早期得到治疗,提高诊断是唯一之举。因为只有准确诊断出疾病,方才能够按照疾病类型制定治疗方案控制病情,及时挽救患者生命。为探索一类有效的诊断方法,本研究对纳入的研究样本实施凝血酶原时间与血小板检验,观察诊断数值,诊断数据如下所示。

关键词： 产业智能化   供需匹配   消费回流   消费升级  

摘要： 新一轮的智能化科技革命和产业变革,为缓解国内供需错配、促进消费升级提供了机遇。本文通过构建产业智能化指数,理论分析并实证检验了产业智能化对消费升级的影响效果及作用机制。结果表明:产业智能化程度的提升可显著带动消费升级;产业智能化可通过驱动国内产品供需匹配、拉动海外消费回流,以及通过国内产品供需匹配拉动消费回流三条中介路径促进消费升级;同时,产品质量优化还会调节产业智能化对消费升级的影响效果,生产效率提升的调节作用则不显著。为更好地发挥产业智能化对消费升级的推动作用,应进一步借助智能化产业发展机遇优化产品质量、推动国内产品供需匹配、加强实感体验以拉动消费回流,协同推进企业技术创新、产业智能化和消费升级。

关键词： 生产检测检验   矿山   安全生产  

摘要： 随着安全生产理念在各行各业的不断深入,矿山安全生产也得到了社会各界的广泛关注和重视。为了能够进一步保障矿山作业的安全生产,为施工监管工作的顺利开展提供技术支持,目前生产检测检验技术已经得到了矿山作业的广泛应用。基于此,文章对生产检测检验在矿山安全生产中的作用进行了全面分析。