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关键词： 马克思   生产一般   生产力   生产关系  

摘要： "生产一般"是马克思对一切社会生产形态所具有的共同规定所作的一个合理的抽象。我们要理解社会生产一般向具体社会生产形态的历史性展开,以及资本主义社会的历史性、暂时性特征,必须把握与此相关的两个关键范畴,分别是生产力范畴和生产关系范畴。生产力的不断进步是社会生产一般向具体社会生产形态历史性展开的根本动力;生产关系的结构性矛盾则是社会生产一般向具体社会生产形态历史性展开的直接动力。

关键词： 经济责任   责任承担方式   社会整体利益   预防补救功能  

摘要： 经济法上的责任范畴,从来都是经济法规范论研究的焦点,聚讼纷纭、莫衷一是。经济法调整的是:国家和政府基于保护社会整体利益的需要,依法对市场进行宏观调控和微观规制而产生的社会关系。经济法制定法直接设定的一系列责任承担方式,可以提炼为“经济责任”的范畴,指向经济法主体因其角色承担有失妥当或义务履行存在瑕疵而应承担的避免不利后果发生或消除不利影响的新型法律责任,其承责基础是对社会整体利益可能或实际受损所应作出的有效预防和必要补救。具体而言,包括资格剥夺、经营限制、信用减等等角色责任,超额赔偿、税费滞纳金、财政垫付、财政补足等经济类行为责任,以及产品召回、没收不当利益、责令承担法律责任等校正类行为责任。

关键词： 虚拟现实   后身体美学   元宇宙   时间   超具身性  

摘要： 身体美学在人工智能时代进入了新阶段,新兴技术在颠覆了传统社会实践方式的同时也改写了身体的具体存在方式。在虚拟现实语境下,由于人类的自然身体不断被科技改造,传统身体美学所涉及的诸多基本范畴也遇到了新的挑战。随着当代科技的不断升级,以“元宇宙”为名称的虚拟现实应用形式将渐次成型且朝着日常生活化方向深入发展。“思想”“身体”和“时间”范畴不再局限于传统定义而出现向多元形态发展的倾向。当代的个体主体经常处于多重“在场”的状态,“具身性”范畴也由此开始向“超具身性”演化。故而有必要依据新的现实状况和未来发展趋势,对这些范畴的具体内涵开展相应的再阐释工作。

关键词： 词义分解   无声范畴   历时演变  

摘要： 黄正德《词义分解、无声范畴和方位短语》一文立足于词义分解假说的合理性,探讨词义分解在汉语中的不同句法表现。在回顾前人关于无声轻动词假说的新旧事实的基础上,力求证明作为轻名词的无声方位词及介词短语中无声介词等无声范畴的存在,重新解答了"所"字结构的某些性质、"去"的演变等相关问题。研究发现,参数理论框架下的无声范畴假说有助于解释不同语言或语言的不同阶段之间的差异。黄文拓宽了词义分解理论的应用范围,进一步为其提供了论据支持,增强了该理论的解释力,堪称形式句法学研究汉语语法演变的范例。

关键词： 领导力   逻辑建构   范畴体系   马克思主义政党   创造力   中国共产党  

摘要： 中国共产党是具有强大领导力和创造力的马克思主义政党。中国共产党强大的领导力创造力集中地体现为举世无双的伟大的领导力创新,形成了一系列具有中国特色的政党领导力范畴及其完整的概念、范畴体系。

关键词： 阿尔泰语系语言   数范畴   编码形式   可选性   表义功能  

摘要： 阿尔泰语系语言名词数范畴整体上呈现出单、复数对立的格局,人称代词具有绝对的数范畴区分,复数标记具有强制性,而名词的复数标记是非强制的,具有可选性,且受一定的句法、语义及语用因素的制约,动词的数范畴主要表示事件数及参与者人数,部分形容词及量词的数范畴不具有普适性。除典型的黏着性形态标记外,阿尔泰语系语言还可通过句法手段、词汇手段以及重叠手段等表达数范畴意义,不同词类在数范畴的编码形式上存在较大差异,同一词类内部的不同成员也可选用不同的语法手段编码数范畴意义。名词复数标记除表达真性复数的核心功能语义外,还具有丰富的扩展性功能。整体上来看,阿尔泰语系语言数范畴标记系统符合语言类型学上的诸多共性特征,一些黏着形态标记的表义功能具有较为凸显的个性特点。

关键词： fine-needle aspiration   pancreas   Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology   risk of malignancy  

摘要： Background The guidelines published by the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) intend to unify the reporting language in pancreaticobiliary specimens and improve communication between cytopathologists and clinicians. The six categories in the system will determine the best management for patients. However, there is limited evidence regarding the risk of malignancy (ROM) associated with each category. Methods A retrospective search was performed for pancreaticobiliary fine-needle aspiration (FNA) reports with corresponding surgical follow-up. Cases were reclassified according to the PSC. The ROM, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for each category. Results A total of 297 cases were identified and reclassified as: 30 nondiagnostic (category I), 45 negative for malignancy (II), 20 atypical (III), 42 neoplastic: other (IVB), 19 suspicious for malignancy (V), and 141 malignant (VI). The absolute ROM was 10% for category I, 8.9% for category II, 60% for category III, 4.8% for category IV when the neoplasms were not characterized as malignant, and 100% when categorized as malignant;100% for category V, and 95.7% for category VI. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for neoplasia and malignancy, including categories IV to VI, were 96.6%, 88.4%, 97.5%, and 84.4%, respectively. Conclusions The categories developed by the PSC stratify the ROM. Aspirates designated as categories V and VI had the highest ROM. Our rate of atypical category complies with the recommended rate of <10%. This scheme provides valuable information to clinicians treating patients with pancreatic lesions.

关键词： Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma   Ageing   Age-specific factors   Epigenetics   Immunosenescence   Oncogenic pathways   Pathophysiology   Tumour biology  

摘要： Background In recent clinical practice, an increasing number of elderly patients suffering from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of unknown pathophysiology is observed. The majority of HNSCC patients can roughly be divided into three subcategories. First, a small group of young patients who present with variants of genomic aberrations and inheritable diseases like Fanconi anaemia. Second, an increasing population of HPV-related HNSCCs that are regarded as genomic stable tumours with a more favourable prognosis. Though HPV-related tumours used to be more common among younger males, a notable rise in the elderly population is observed. The third subcategory, that of HPV-negative tumours, has been shown to be more heterogeneous with involvement of a variety of oncogenic pathways related to lifestyle factors like smoking and alcohol consumption, often seen in middle-aged males. Some of these pathways could be related to age, such as TP53 alterations, EGFR activation, apoptotic pathway alterations and field cancerization. Conclusions In this narrative review, we provide an overview of established and newly discovered age-specific pathophysiological mechanisms underlying HNSCC. We propose a fourth subcategory of patients with a suspected different pathophysiology: elderly (HPV-negative) HNSCC patients without a history of tobacco and alcohol consumption. In this subcategory, carcinogenesis seems to be a multi-step process based on genomic instability, immunosenescence, cell cycle disruption and telomere shortening. To conclude, we discuss suggestions for future research to fill the knowledge gap about age-dependent HNSCC carcinogenesis.

关键词： Frame   Locale   Sublocale   Biframe   d-Frame   Bispace  

摘要： The theory of finitary biframes as order-theoretical duals of bitopological spaces is explored. The category of finitary biframes is a coreflective subcategory of that of biframes. Some of the advantages of adopting finitary biframes as a pointfree notion of bispaces are studied. In particular, it is shown that for every finitary biframe there is a biframe which plays a role analogue to that of the assembly in the theory of frames: for every finitary biframe L there is a finitary biframe A(L) with a universal property analogous to that of the assembly of a frame;and such that its main component is isomorphic to the ordered collection of finitary quotients of L (i.e. its pointfree bispaces). Furthermore, in the finitary biframe duality the bispace associated with A(L) is a natural bitopological analogue of the Skula space of the bispace associated with L. The finitary biframe duality gives us a notion of bisobriety which is weaker than pairwise Hausdorffness, incomparable with the pairwise T-1 axiom, and stronger than the pairwise T-0 axiom. The notion of pairwise T-D bispaces is introduced, as a natural point-set generalization of the classical T-D axiom. It is shown that in the finitary biframe duality this axiom plays a role analogous to that of the classical T-D axiom for the frame duality. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： 18N60   18A30  

摘要： In this short note we prove that two definitions of (co)ends in infinity-categories, via twisted arrow infinity-categories and via infinity-categories of simplices, are equivalent. We also show that weighted (co)limits, which can be defined as certain (co)ends, can alternatively be described as (co)limits over left and right fibrations, respectively. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.