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关键词： Categorical data   Clustering   Dissimilarity measure   k-Means like algorithm   Locality-Sensitive Hashing  

摘要： Clustering categorical data remains a challenging problem in the era of big data, due to the difficulty in measuring dis/similarity meaningfully for categorical data and the high computational complexity of existing clustering algorithms that makes it difficult to be applied in practical use for big data mining applications. In this paper, we propose an integrated approach that incorporates the Locality-Sensitive Hashing (LSH) technique into the k-means-like clustering so as to make it capable of predicting the better initial clusters for boosting clustering effectiveness. To this end, we first utilize a data-driven dissimilarity measure for categorical data to construct a family of binary hash functions that are then used to generate the initial clusters. We also propose to use a nearest neighbor search at each iteration for cluster reassignment of data objects to improve the clustering complexity. These solutions are incorporated into the k representatives algorithm resulting in the so-called LSH-k-representatives algorithm. Extensive experiments conducted on multiple real-world and synthetic datasets have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. It is shown that the newly developed algorithm yields comparable or better clustering results in comparison to the existing closely related works, yet it is significantly more efficient by a factor of between 2x and 32x. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

关键词： Categorical data   twin data   twin models   heredity  

摘要： The classical models ACE and ADE were used in the 1990's to estimate heredity of a phenotype from data on monozygotic and dizygotic twins. The author extended these models to a model called ACDE with four parameters instead of only three. In that paper, the data were assumed to be continuous. This paper considers the same models in the case where the data is categorical. It is showed how these models can be estimated by maximum likelihood. An example is given based on twin data on BMI from the UK. This is the same data as in the previous paper but in categorized form.

关键词： Bayesian   robust priors   multilevel models  

摘要： Bayesian estimation of multilevel structural equation models (MLSEMs) offers advantages in terms of sample size requirements and computational feasibility, but does require careful specification of the prior distribution especially for the random effects variance parameters. The traditional "non-informative" conjugate choice of an inverse-Gamma prior with small hyperparameters has been shown time and again to be problematic. In this paper, we investigate alternative, more robust prior distributions for the doubly latent categorical multilevel model. In contrast to multilevel models without latent variables, MLSEMs have multiple random effects variance parameters both for the multilevel structure and for the latent variable structure. It is therefore even more important to construct reasonable priors for these parameters. We find that, although the robust priors outperform the traditional inverse-Gamma prior, their hyperparameters do require careful consideration.

关键词： 基本层次范畴词   定中结构构词法   认知语言学   对外汉语教学  

摘要： 认知语言学将范畴分为三个层次,即上义层次范畴、基本层次范畴和下义层次范畴。本文通过对比英汉基本层次范畴动词与名词在构词上的差异,发现汉语在词汇构成上习惯于采用“定中结构”,即“定语/修饰词+基本层次范畴中心词”的构词方式。基于此,本文分析基本层次范畴词及其构词特征,并有针对性地提出对于对外汉语教学的建议。

关键词： 语义比较   汉语言   比较范畴   语义类型   语义系统   认知文化   语义结构   明喻  

摘要： 俄汉语言比较范畴指的是语义上能在两个或多个事物之间建立量级关系,同时具备基本比较语义结构的范畴。在现代汉语中,比较范畴通常被理解为“纯比较”,而在俄语的比较范畴中,则多了一种比喻义。这里的“比喻”与隐喻有所不同,偏向于明喻,因此俄语比较范畴的语义系统较之于汉语就全面地扩大了。通过多维的研究领域,对俄汉语言语义进行比较;既包括语义类型和形式表达的对比,也有认知文化的阐释,既有篇章和语用分析,也有语法的功能性描写等。多维视阈下的俄汉语言语义比较研究具有较高的现实意义与价值。

关键词： 道家美学   “大”   审美范畴   审美生成  

摘要： "大"见之于甲骨文,先秦诸子几乎皆有论之,《吕氏春秋》《淮南子》《战国策》《左传》中"大"与"美"有着密切的关系。儒家所涉"大"的概念主要赋予其道德层面的内涵。老子论"大",赋予其不确定性和无限性的特征,所谓"大道之美";庄子论"大",起始于美又超越于美,体现出自然无为的特性。魏晋南北朝以来,艺术家对艺术技巧根本规律的认识,无论是顺乎自然的天工大巧,还是不违性情的人为之巧,正是以先秦道家"大巧若拙"的观念直接启悟而来。

关键词： “曾经”   “已经”   语义残留   “时”   “体”   范畴  

摘要： 对“曾经”“已经”用法差异的研究,此前多局限于语法领域的辨析。基于语法差异性与词义因素有密切关系,以及时间副词的特殊性,对二者用法差异的研究,还应更多地引入词汇学视角,同时借鉴“时”“体”理论等作进一步深入分析,可认识到因为自身词汇化过程中语义残留影响,以及对“状态”和“时间”表达侧重点的不同,直接造成了“曾经”“已经”用法的差异化表现。

关键词： 碳核算   统计范畴   测量方法   投资组合   碳减排  

摘要： 碳核算是金融机构管理气候风险,合理配置资金流向低碳经济领域,促进产业转型,助力实现我国碳中和目标的重要路径。本文梳理了当前国际上常用的碳核算统计范畴和测算方法,分析了当前投资组合碳核算的指标选择,并结合我国实情提出了相关对策建议。

关键词： 界   范畴   工具  

摘要： "界"的汉字本义是对空间限度的标识界定,在东西方思想认知中具有一种普遍性的范畴意义和逻辑工具价值。"界"不仅是儒释道和希腊、希伯来思想的逻辑起点与初始范畴,还对其他范畴的构制和意义的诞生发挥了关键作用。基于"界"概念所建构的有界认知、无界认知、合界认知、变界认知的范式体系,形成了一个圆融自洽的认知机制,以此达致对世界万物之绝对性、相对性、特定性和不定性的综合认知。界的根基性特征揭示了东西方哲学在逻辑底层的根本会通,原理性特征呈现了界的普适基准工具功用,融通性特征彰显了一种以华夏运思为机理基轴,以东西融通为辐辏机制,以人类普适通用为价值指归的思想认知。围绕"界"展开的运思既是东西方思想融通的创造,也是中国话语的一种本质构建。

关键词： 构式   现代汉语   范畴研究   凝固性   语篇结构   认知研究   王洪君   结构模式  

摘要： 作为历史上产生较早、存在时间较长的一种汉语构式,“以A为B”构式在漫长的历史演变中已逐渐成为一种凝固性结构。由王洪君和李娟编、商务印书馆2016年出版的《现代汉语语篇的结构和范畴研究》一书运用多重理论视角和研究方法,对包括“以A为B”构式在内的汉语不同语体语篇的结构模式进行了个案研究,同时深入探讨了涉及语篇的结构单位和范畴的一系列问题。此外,该书还对日、韩、汉、英等多种语言进行了比较研究,揭示出现代汉语语篇结构和范畴中重要的类型学特点。