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关键词： cause-specific survival   net survival prostate cancer   prognosis   relative survival   survival  

摘要： Net survival, estimated in a relative survival (RS) or cause-specific survival (CSS) framework, is a key measure of the effectiveness of cancer management. We compared RS and CSS in men with prostate cancer (PCa) according to age and risk category, using Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden, including 168,793 men younger than age 90 years, diagnosed 1998-2016 with PCa. RS and CSS were compared according to age and risk category based on TNM (tumor, nodes, and metastases) stage, Gleason score, and prostate-specific antigen level. Each framework requires assumptions that are unlikely to be appropriate for PCa. Ten-year RS was substantially higher than CSS in men aged 80-89 with low-risk PCa: 125% (95% confidence interval: 113, 138) versus 85% (95% confidence interval: 82, 88). In contrast, RS and CSS were similar for men under age 70 and for all men with regional or distant metastases. Both RS and CSS produce biased estimates of net survival for men with low- and intermediate-risk PCa, in particular for men over 80. Due to biases, net survival is overestimated in analysis of RS but underestimated in analysis of CSS. These results highlight the importance of evaluating the underlying assumptions for each method, because the "true" net survival is expected to lie between the limits of RS and CSS.

关键词： Category-level   Object pose estimation   External sharing unit   Internal sharing unit  

摘要： Most category-level object pose estimation methods are multi-tasking, including instance segmentation, Normalized Object Coordinate Space (NOCS) map estimation and classification. However, previous approaches overlooked the connection between multiple tasks. In this work, we propose an efficient network to make better use of the complementarity between different tasks. Specifically, we propose an external sharing unit (ESU) to promote instance segmentation and NOCS map estimation. In addition, we propose an internal sharing unit (ISU) to improve the NOCS map estimation. The NOCS map head has three branches. And the estimated coordinates of each branch have strong correlation. Extensive experiments on the CAMERA and REAL dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of joint optimization in multi-tasking category-level object estimation. Experimental results also show that the proposed method can improve not only accuracy but also efficiency on several benchmarks.

关键词： brain infections   latent infections   protozoa   protozoan infections   SARS-CoV-2 mortality  

摘要： Unusual mortality rate differences and symptoms have been experienced by COVID-19 patients, and the postinfection symptoms called Long COVID-19 have also been widely experienced. A substantial percentage of COVID-19-infected individuals in specific health categories have been virtually asymptomatic, several other individuals in the same health categories have exhibited several unusual symptoms, and yet other individuals in the same health categories have fatal outcomes. It is now hypothesized that these differences in mortality rates and symptoms could be caused by a SARS-CoV-2 virus infection acting together with one or more latent pathogen infections in certain patients, through mutually beneficial induced immune cell dysfunctions, including T-cell exhaustion. A latent pathogen infection likely to be involved is the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which infects approximately one third of the global human population. Furthermore, certain infections and cancers that cause T-cell exhaustion can also explain the more severe outcomes of other COVID-19 patients having several disease and cancer comorbidities.

关键词： Tangent categories   Differential equations   Abstract differential geometry   Synthetic differential geometry  

摘要： This paper describes how to define and work with differential equations in the abstract setting of tangent categories. The key notion is that of a curve object which is, for differential geometry, the structural analogue of a natural number object. A curve object is a preinitial object for dynamical systems;dynamical systems may, in turn, be viewed as determining systems of differential equations. The unique map from the curve object to a dynamical system is a solution of the system, and a dynamical system is said to be complete when for all initial conditions there is a solution. A subtle issue concerns the question of when a dynamical system is complete, and the paper provides abstract conditions for this. This abstract formulation also allows new perspectives on topics such as commutative vector fields and flows. In addition, the stronger notion of a differential curve object, which is the centrepiece of the last section of the paper, has exponential maps and forms a differential exponential rig. This rig then, somewhat surprisingly, has an action on every differential object and bundle in the setting. In this manner, in a very strong sense, such a curve object plays the role of the real numbers in standard differential geometry.

关键词： Bethesda III category   fine needle aspiration   malignancy   papillary thyroid carcinoma   thyroid nodule  

摘要： Background The clinical management of Bethesda III category thyroid nodules has some undefined points and differs among centers and conflicting malignancy rates are present in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the Bethesda category III thyroid nodule outcomes in our centers, to determine malignancy rates and also to evaluate clinical and sonographic features which may help to predict malignancy. Methods This retrospective study included 333 patients with thyroid nodules who had Bethesda category III on fine needle aspiration (FNA) in three tertiary medical centers of Turkey. Results Among 333 patients, 302 had appropriate follow up. Eighteen patients received thyroidectomy after the first FNA, with a malignancy rate of 38.89% (7/18) and 284 patients received a second FNA. After the second FNA, thyroidectomy was performed in 80 patients and 41 patients needed the third FNA. Thirteen thyroidectomies were performed after the third FNA. Totally 111 patients received thyroidectomy with a malignancy rate of 48.65% (54/111) among patients with surgery and the lower bound was detected as 17.88% (54/302). Of these patients the malignancy rates of patients receiving thyroidectomy with two and three FNAs were 47.50% (38/80) and 69.23% (9/13), respectively. Hypoechogenicity, microcalcification, and irregular margin were found as good predictors for malignancy. Conclusion We demonstrated that the malignancy rate was 48.65% in patients receiving thyroidectomy. We showed a higher malignancy rate than the traditionally rate of 5%-15%. This study showed that repeat FNAs decrease the rate of unnecessary surgery performed for benign lesions by increasing the rate of malignancy detection.

关键词： claims-making   relational inequalities   categorical distinctions  

摘要： In this article, we examine wage negotiations as a specific instance of claims-making, predicting that the capacity to make a claim is first a function of the position, rather than the person, and that lower-status actors-women, migrants, fixed-term, part-time, and unskilled workers-are all more likely to be in positions where negotiation is not possible. At the same time, subordinate-status actors may be less likely to make claims even where negotiation is possible, and when they do make wage claims they may receive lower or no returns to negotiation. Analyses of wage negotiations by more than 2,400 German employees largely confirm these theoretical expectations, although the patterns of opportunity, agency, and economic returns vary by categorical status. All low-status actors are more likely to be in jobs where negotiation is not possible. Women, people in lower-class jobs, and people with temporary contracts are less likely to negotiate even when given the opportunity. Regarding returns, agency in wage claims does not seem to improve the wages of women, migrants, or working-class individuals. The advice to "lean-in" will not substantially lower wage inequalities for everyone, although men who lean in do benefit relative to men who do not.

关键词： SGA   Birthweight   Gestational age   Preterm   Neonatal mortality   Receiver operator curve  

摘要： SGA (small for gestational age) is widely used to identify high-risk infants, although with inconsistent definitions. Cut points range from 2.5th to 10th percentile of birthweight-for-gestational age. We used receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC) to identify the cut point with maximum sensitivity and specificity (Youden Index), and the area under the curve (AUC), which assesses overall discriminating power. Analysis was conducted on 3,836,034 US births (2015) and 292,279 Norwegian births (2010-14). Birthweight percentiles were calculated using exact birthweights at each week of gestational age, and then summarized across gestational ages. We also conducted a companion analysis of gestational age itself to consider the predictive power of gestational week of birth. Outcomes were neonatal mortality and cerebral palsy, both strongly associated with birthweight. Birthweight percentiles performed poorly in all analyses. The AUC for birthweight percentiles as a discriminator of neonatal mortality was 60% (where 50% is no better than a coin-toss). At such low discrimination, the Youden Index provides no useful SGA cut point. Results in Norway were virtually identical, with an AUC of 58%. The AUC with cerebral palsy as the outcome was even lower, at 54%. In contrast, gestational age had an AUC of 85% as a predictor of neonatal mortality, with < 37 weeks as the optimum cut point. SGA provides surprisingly poor identification of at-risk infants, while gestational age performs well. Similar results in two countries that differ in mean birthweight, percent preterm, and neonatal mortality suggest robustness across populations.

关键词： Mackey Lie algebra   Tensor module   Monoidal category   Koszulity   Grothendieck category   Semi-artinian  

摘要： Let V-* circle times V -> C be a non-degenerate pairing of countable-dimensional complex vector spaces V and V*. The Mackey Lie algebra g = gl(M)(V, V-*) corresponding to this pairing consists of all endomorphisms phi of V for which the space V-* is stable under the dual endomorphism.* : V *. V *. We study the tensor Grothendieck category T generated by the g-modules V, V-* and their algebraic duals V* and V-*(*). The category T is an analogue of categories considered in prior literature, the main difference being that the trivial module C is no longer injective in T. We describe the injective hull I of C in T, and show that the category T is Koszul. In addition, we prove that I is endowed with a natural structure of commutative algebra. We then define another category IT of objects in T which are free as I -modules. Our main result is that the category T-I is also Koszul, and moreover that T-I is universal among abelian C-linear tensor categories generated by two objects X, Y with fixed subobjects X' (sic) X, Y' (sic) Y and a pairing X circle times Y -> 1 where 1 is the monoidal unit. We conclude the paper by discussing the orthogonal and symplectic analogues of the categories T and IT.

关键词： diffusion   electrochemistry   electromigration   lithium isotope   separation  

摘要： The ability to generate materials with an enriched isotopic abundance, that is one that differs from natural abundance, is critical in terms of technology. Isotopes are used in a wide range of applications, including radioactive tracers, nondestructive tests, radiotherapy in human medicine, nuclear fuels, and isotope-substituted compounds for chemistry and biology research, as well as environmental geochemical signature tracers. A commonly discussed research topic is the isotopic separation of various elements-uranium, hydrogen, lithium, and iodine, among many others. Among these isotopes, lithium isotopes are especially important in various applications including strategic areas. These isotopes are light and hence their separation techniques are not very obvious. Herein, all the main categories of Li isotope separation are reviewed in depth with a focus on electrochemical technologies for stable lithium isotope separation.

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摘要： We construct two non-semisimple braided ribbon tensor categories of modules for each singlet vertex operator algebra M(p), p >= 2. The first category consists of all finite-lengthM(p)-modules with atypical composition factors, while the second is the subcategory of modules that induce to local modules for the triplet vertex operator algebra W(p). We show that every irreducible module has a projective cover in the second of these categories, although not in the first, and we compute all fusion products involving atypical irreducible modules and their projective covers.