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关键词： Category development   Colour categorisation   Colour constancy   Colour perception   Language acquisition  

摘要： In this study, we investigated the processes of coordination, adaptation, and calibration during the development of colour naming and colour constancy, and we tested whether colour term knowledge is related to colour constancy. We measured category membership and prototypes with 163 Munsell chips in preschool children (3 to 4-year-old) under neutral, green, and red illuminations, and compared their results to those of adults. We introduced an index of colour term maturity based on the similarity of children's colour term use to adults, and a colour category constancy index that quantifies the variation in colour categorisation that is specific to illumination changes. Results showed that illumination changes affected children's consistency of colour categorisation, but only to a small extent. However, colour term maturity and illumination-specific effects on consistency strongly varied in this age range. Correlations between colour term maturity and illumination specific consistency indicated that colour constancy increases with colour term acquisition;but those results depended on the type of illumination changes (between neutral, green, and red). Together, our findings suggest that children progressively fine-tune and recalibrate the meaning of colour terms through processes of coordination and adaptation that are also involved in the calibration of colour constancy.

关键词： Homology   Category   Polygraph   Computad  

摘要： In this paper, we prove that the polygraphic homology of a small category, defined in terms of polygraphic resolutions in the category omega Cat of strict omega-categories, is naturally isomorphic to the homology of its nerve, thereby extending a result of Lafont and M & eacute;tayer. Along the way, we investigate homotopy colimits with respect to the Folk model structure and deduce a theorem which formally resembles Quillen's Theorem A. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cross-gender brand extension   Gendered branding   Product category fit   Brand gender personality dilution  

摘要： Leveraging cross-gender brand extensions (new product offerings under the same brand name for customers of the opposite sex) can facilitate brand growth. However, how such strategies should be implemented remains unanswered. A popular approach is to launch a brand extension in the same or a similar product category (high fit). However, for cross-gender brand extension, this strategy can dilute the gender personality of the parent brand (i.e. masculinity or femininity). We propose that launching cross-gender brand extensions in a product category with low fit is an effective strategy as it enables cognitive distancing of the extension from the parent brand. Two experiments confirm that introducing low (versus high) fit cross-gender brand extensions mitigate the parent brand's gender personality dilution, leading to more positive evaluations of the parent brand amongst existing customers and higher purchase intention amongst new target customers for the cross-gender brand extension.

关键词： displays   metamerism   observers   observer category  

摘要： As display technology advances in color gamut, the potential of experiencing higher degree of observer metamerism is more likely with narrow bandwidth stimuli display devices. In previous studies, it is confirmed that observer metamerism was introduced in soft proofing with monitor and color grading with projector scenarios, and also led to serious implications. Hence, it is desired to investigate whether laser-based projection system would introduce observer metamerism compared to halogen-based projection system. In this study, a two-part experiment was designed and conducted. Experiment 1 was based on color patches and experiment 2 was based on test images. Intra-observer and inter-observer variability were calculated and analyzed. Both experiments had illustrated observer metamerism was introduced in laser-based projection system. Comparison to CIE Standard Observers was also conducted for each experiment, and the results had suggested that the CIE Standard Observers were not suitable for laser-based projection system. A new observer category was required at least for the group of observers participating the experiments. A quick method to transform the content from the CIE 1964 Standard Observer for color patches or the CIE 1931 Standard Observer for images has been established in experiment 1, and this quick method could help to facilitate the growth of personalized color management system.

关键词： Top-k query   Temporal-categorical databases   Term frequency counting   Threshold-style algorithms   Range query  

摘要： In the procedure of extracting hot topics and detecting emerging topic, counting term fre-quency is one of the most inevitable and time-consuming steps. For the purpose of text exploration, users may change the query range frequently, and the adjustment of ranges would cause recalculation of term frequency when finding hot terms, bringing unaccept-able time cost. In addition, real-time update of dimensions is also a challenge. To address these problems, we first propose a novel data structure based on prefix cube to store terms and their frequencies, so that the time for counting term frequency gets a significant reduc-tion. Based on the data structure, we propose an efficient range query algorithm that sig-nificantly decreases the number of input word lists involved in top-k queries. Considering the underlying dimension update, we also design an efficient maintenance mechanism to cope with different dimension updates. Finally, we conduct comprehensive experiments to validate the effectiveness of the proposed structure and the efficiency of the optimized query algorithm. We also prove that using the proposed data structure, the time cost of our algorithms in hot topic extraction and emerging topic detection can be reduced by about ten times compared with the previous algorithms. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Prescription drug coverage   Immigrants   Refugees   health services utilization   Intersectionality   Multivariable regression analysis  

摘要： Canada is the only high-income country with a universal healthcare system that does not provide prescription drug coverage for all its residents. This study examines whether Canadians' prescription drug coverage status is associated with their health services use and how this association differs by gender across non-migrants and three categories of migrants: economic immigrants, family-class immigrants, and refugees. Very few studies have examined differences across these migrant groups, and there is a need to do so as they experience varying health disparities. This study contributes to the prescription drug coverage, migration and health literature by employing an intersectional lens to analyze a sample of Ontario working-aged residents (n = 39,792) generated from linking the Canadian Community Health Survey (20 05, 20 08, 2013, 2014) and Longitudinal Immigrant Database. Predicted probabilities and average marginal effects from multivariable logistic regression models were generated, and interaction effects between prescription drug coverage and immigrant status were examined. The study reveals important differences in the use of health services across prescription drug coverage groups by immigration status. As the general debate about universal pharmacare in Canada is ongoing, this study reveals that drug insurance is positively associated with health services use of most migrants and non-migrants, however, some immigrant women may still experience barriers to access general practitioner services. If pharmacare is introduced, ongoing evaluation is needed to ensure that its implementation produces equitable outcomes for all. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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摘要： A correction to this paper has been published: https://***/10.1007/s40279-021-01480-3

关键词： Fund flow   Morningstar category   Morningstar star rating  

摘要： We investigate how the reassignment of a fund's Morningstar category affects fund flow and Morningstar star rating. We find that funds assigned to a different category gain positive abnormal flows and this effect is significant mainly for high-rated funds. Category reassignment does not improve a fund's star rating on average, and flows are less responsive to a star-rating change if the rating change is likely to be driven by category reassignment. The positive abnormal flows captured by high-rated funds after category reassignment are consistent with a visibility story: some investors filter funds by Morningstar category and star rating, and category reassignment makes a fund more visible to a new group of investors if the fund is highly rated. In contrast, a low-rated fund is likely to be selected only by investors who do not refer to the fund's Morningstar information and, hence, gains little visibility from category reassignment. We also find evidence that more sophisticated investors are more likely to consider not only fund rating but also fund category when evaluating fund performance.

关键词： Condensing condensate   Falling condensate   Acting condensate   Film condensation   Inundation effect   3D finned tube  

摘要： The condensates generated in the process of film condensation, such as condensing, falling, and acting condensates, are identified and defined to obtain precise inundation effect model of 3D finned tube bun-dle. Furthermore, the influence of three categories of condensates on the film condensation under differ-ent heat fluxes and condensing temperatures is experimentally investigated via the homologous method. A test bench with a test section contains two arrays of 8 horizontal tubes is initially constructed. Ex-perimental results show that the inundation effect coefficient decreases from 1.00 to 0.78 as acting con-densate Re increases from 75 to 1860. The influence of heat flux on three categories of condensates is more significant than that of condensing temperature. As tube row depth increases from 1 to 6, the pro-portion of condensing condensate Re to acting condensate Re decreases from 100% to 15.0%, whereas the proportion of falling condensate Re to acting condensate Re increases from 0 to 85.0%. Furthermore, the condensation heat transfer model of single 3D finned tube and inundation effect model are established, and the deviations of results between experiments and models are almost within +/- 3.0%. The deviations of inundation effect coefficients between experiment and model proposed in this study are 92.5% and 50.0% less than those between experiment and models using routine method and considering single con-densate with homologous method, respectively. Moreover, the inundation effect model proposed in this study reveals that different proportions of condensing or falling condensates to acting condensate lead to different inundation effect coefficient at the same acting condensate Re. The research results will lay the foundation for further revealing the mechanism of film condensation on 3D finned tube bundle and guide the thermal design of 3D finned tubes applied in shell-and-tube condensers. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Functorial factorization   Quillen functor   Model categories   Homotopy algebras   Operad  

摘要： We prove that any right Quillen functor between arbitrary model categories admits non trivial functorial factorizations that are similar to those of a model structure. Given a monad, operad or a PROP(erad) O, if we apply one of the factorizations to the forgetful functor U : O -Alg(M) -> M, we extend the theory of Quillen-Segal O-algebras initiated in Bacard (Higher Struct 4(1):57-114, 2020), without the hypothesis of M being a combinatorial model category.