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关键词： 戏曲服饰   审美范畴   戏曲艺术  

摘要： "行头"是古代对戏曲服饰的称谓,泛指中国历代戏曲和全国各地方剧种的演剧服饰,含戏衣、盔头、戏鞋三部分,凝聚着戏曲艺术独特的审美价值。其中,凝练精辟的自然美是戏曲服饰审美的认知体现,寓理于情的社会美是戏曲服饰审美的情感体现,形神兼备的艺术美是戏曲服饰审美的意象体现,井然有序的功能美是戏曲服饰审美的行为体现。自然美、社会美、艺术美、功能美是戏曲服饰审美范畴的高度概括,是知、情、意、行的审美活动的有机统一。

关键词： 历史学者   实足年龄   特色栏目   年代年龄   书评   时序  

摘要： 《美国历史评论》(The American Historical Review)是美国历史学会(American Historical Association,AHA)的官方刊物,创刊于1895年,以刊发高质量历史研究论文和大量书评著称,设有"论坛"(AHR Forum)、"对话"(AHR Conversation)、"圆桌会议"(AHR Roundtable)等特色栏目,在国际史学界享有盛誉。该刊2020年第2期的"圆桌会议"栏目以"时序年龄:历史分析中的一个有用范畴"(Chronological Age:A Useful Category of Historical Analysis)为题,发表了一组论文,对时序年龄这一为历史学者所忽视的研究主题进行了深入探讨。所谓的"时序年龄",又称"年代年龄"或"实足年龄",指个体出生后按年代计算的年龄。时序年龄不仅是最常用的年龄计算法,也被认为是对年龄的客观记录。

关键词： 敦煌密教   饿鬼信仰   范畴   功用  

摘要： 密教饿鬼信仰是唐宋时期敦煌地区较为流行的密教信仰之一。饿鬼信仰的功用以救度亡灵为主要目的,而敦煌密教饿鬼信仰则融合了中国传统的鬼神观及地狱观,以救度饿鬼为手段,以回祸转福为目的。通过勾稽敦煌文献中密教饿鬼的相关经轨,我们可以考察出,敦煌密教饿鬼信仰功用的多样性,不仅包括救度亡灵,还包括祈福国家无战争之灾、消除瘟疫、疾病等。敦煌地区的密教饿鬼信仰从现世利益出发,满足了人们对美好世界的向往。

关键词： n-strongly FP-injective functor   FPn-injective   n-strongly flat functor   FPn-flat modules   (pre)cover   (pre)envelope  

摘要： Let n >= 1 be an integer. A functor F is an element of (mod-R, Ab) is called n-strongly FP -injective if F is isomorphic to some functor - circle times M in (mod-R, Ab) with M an FPn-injective left R-module. A functor G is an element of ((mod-R)(op), Ab) is said to be n-strongly flat if G is isomorphic to some functor (-,N) in ((mod-R)(op), Ab) with N an FPn-flat right R-module. Precovers and preenvelopes by n-strongly FP-injective and n-strongly flat functors are investigated over a general ring. As applications, special rings are characterized in terms of this two classes of functors.

关键词： Interval multiplicative preference relation   Acceptably multiplicative consistency   Consistency index   Group decision making   Stochastic program   Decision support system (DSS)  

摘要： Interval multiplicative preference relations (IMPRs) have been widely used in decision making for their ability to efficiently express the uncertainty of information. This paper investigates the decision making with incomplete IMPRs. First, a new consistency index of IMPR is defined. By minimizing the consistency index, the missing values in an incomplete IMPR can be estimated. Subsequently, considering the risk attitude of decision makers (DMs), two optimization models are constructed to obtain the most pessimistic and optimistic acceptably multiplicative consistent IMPRs, respectively. Based on the triangular distribution of intervals, a stochastic programming model is built to derive the priority weights from an acceptably multiplicative consistent IMPR. Thus, a new method is put forward for individual decision making with an incomplete IMPR. To reach maximum group support degree, a 0-1 mixed integer programming model is established to determine DMs' weights for group decision making with IMPRs. Considering the category information of the individual intervals and collective intervals, the adjusted DMs' weights are defined. The individual IMPRs are integrated into the collective IMPR. The ranking of alternatives is generated by the collective IMPR. Two real-life examples are demonstrated to validate the proposed methods. A decision support system based on the proposed methods is designed. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Ordinal data   Interrater agreement   Resampling  

摘要： A measure of interrater absolute agreement for ordinal scales is proposed capitalizing on the dispersion index for ordinal variables proposed by Giuseppe Leti. The procedure allows to overcome the limits affecting traditional measures of interrater agreement in different fields of application. An unbiased estimator of the proposed measure is introduced and its sampling properties are investigated. In order to construct confidence intervals for interrater absolute agreement both asymptotic results and bootstrapping methods are used and their performance is evaluated. Simulated data are employed to demonstrate the accuracy and practical utility of the new procedure for assessing agreement. Finally, an application to a real case is provided.

关键词： 18M20  

摘要： We further the techniques developed by Etingof, Nikshych, and Ostrik in [7] to classify the C-based equivalences between two G-graded extensions of C, in terms of cohomological data. As a warm up for the proof of our classification result we reprove the classification of graded extensions of a fusion category, making extensive use of graphical calculus. We end by providing several practical applications of our classification result. These practical applications include methods to determine when two distinct G-graded extensions are monoidally equivalent, and tools to help compute the group of gauge auto-equivalences of a G-graded category. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

摘要： Background The ItchyQoL is an itch-specific patient-reported outcome measure used to assess quality of life in patients with chronic pruritus (CP). Objectives We aimed to assess and extend the psychometric properties of the ItchyQoL using classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT). Methods Item characteristic curves were analysed to investigate whether the response categories were functioning optimally. Confirmatory factor analyses were carried out on the ItchyQoL prior to and after rescoring of the response categories. We conducted a Rasch analysis for the ItchyQoL with revised response options and assessed the mean fit residuals in addition to the assumptions of unidimensionality and local independence. Results In total, 551 patients with CP from nine European countries completed the 22 items of the ItchyQoL. IRT analysis supported the revision of response options from five points to three. This revision was supported by excellent structural validity using CTT. The overall fit to the Rasch model was adequate. Unidimensionality was supported by the ItchyQoL overall scale and by the single subscales;however, local independence was violated in eight cases. Conclusions We suggest a revision of the response categories of the ItchyQoL from a 5-point to a 3-point scale. When this revision was applied, the ItchyQoL showed excellent structural validity according to CTT and IRT/Rasch. The calculation of an overall ItchyQoL sum score is allowed.

关键词： GBAS   integrity   ionospheric gradients  

摘要： Ionospheric anomalies may cause large differential range errors in Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) users. To mitigate those integrity threats, worst-case ionosphere-induced position errors for potentially usable satellite geometries must be bounded by the GBAS ground facility. This mitigation method requires us to compute the worst-case range error for each satellite affected by a hypothetical ionospheric front. This paper presents a simulation-based method for deriving a closed-form expression of undetected ionosphere-induced range errors. Two types of ionospheric impact scenarios are defined in terms of the motion of an ionospheric front. Explicit expressions for outputs of the code-carrier smoothing filter and the code-carrier divergence monitor are derived to reduce the computational load of ionospheric impact simulations. An exhaustive search algorithm is applied to generate the worst undetected range error among all possible ionospheric impact conditions. Finally, a closed-form expression that bounds the maximum ionospheric range errors is determined as a linear function of the magnitude of gradient and the relative speed of the ionospheric front.

关键词： Adaptation   Change   Co-adaptation   Coupled human and natural system   Social-ecological system   Typology  

摘要： Adaptation in human and natural systems has received growing attention in sustainability scholarship. Co-adaptation, when coupled human and natural systems (CHANSs) adapt in congruence, is receiving much less attention. Not only are various forms of co-adaptation difficult to disentangle, adaptations are also conceptualized very differently by scholars of human and natural systems. One aspect of adaptation that scholars agree on, however, is that it is first and foremost a change. We offer a new transdisciplinary typology of the four most basic types of change, internally and externally driven non-structural and structural changes, that bridges perspectives in the natural and social sciences and through which we introduce new categories of adaptations and forms of co-adaptation in CHANSs. We first describe the typology's foundations and its four types of change. We then organize forms of adaptation in human and natural systems according to the types of change they exhibit to identify new categories of adaptations and forms of co-adaptation. Finally, we illustrate the application of the new categories and forms in a real-world CHANS-the privately managed Northwoods in the Upper Midwest, USA. This new typology paves the way for robust and cross-disciplinary research on CHANSs.