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关键词： Dietary fiber   Prebiotics   Intestinal microbiota   Health benefit   Oligosaccharides  

摘要： Dietary fiber is a group of heterogeneous substances that are neither digested nor absorbed in the small intestine. Some fibers can be classified as prebiotics if they are metabolized by beneficial bacteria present in the hindgut microbiota. The aim of this review was to specify the prebiotic properties of different subgroups of dietary fibers (resistant oligosaccharides, non-starch polysaccharides, resistant starches, and associated substances) to classify them by prebiotic categories. Currently, only resistant oligosaccharides (fructans [fructooligosaccharides, oligofructose, and inulin] and galactans) are well documented as prebiotics in the literature. Other fibers are considered candidates to prebiotics or have prebiotic potential, and apparently some have no prebiotic effect on humans. This dietary fiber classification by the prebiotic categories contributes to a better understanding of these concepts in the literature, to the stimulation of the processing and consumption of foods rich in fiber and other products with prebiotic properties, and to the development of protocols and guidelines on food sources of prebiotics. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

摘要： We study the Ginzburg dg algebra Gamma(T) associated with the quiver with potential arising from a triangulation T of a decorated marked surface S-Delta, in the sense of [22]. We show that there is a canonical way to identify all finite-dimensional derived categories D-fd(Gamma(T)), denoted by D-fd(S-Delta). As an application, we show that the spherical twist group ST(S-Delta) associated with D-fd(S-Delta) acts faithfully on its space of stability conditions.

关键词： category   children   development   statistical learning   visual  

摘要： Statistical learning allows us to discover myriad structures in our environment, which is saturated with information at many different levels-from items to categories. How do children learn different levels of information-about regularities that pertain to items and the categories they come from-and how does this differ from adults? Studies on category learning and memory have suggested that children may be more focused on items than adults. If this is also the case for statistical learning, children may not extract and learn the multi-level regularities that adults can. We report three experiments showing that children and adults extract both item- and category-level regularities in statistical learning. In Experiments 1 and 2, we show that both children and adults can learn structure at the item and category levels when they are measured independently. In Experiment 3, we show that both children and adults learn about categories even when exposure does not require this: both are able to generalize their learning from the item to the category level. Results indicate that statistical learning operates across multi-level structure in children and adults alike, enabling generalization of learning from specific items to exemplars from categories of those items that observers have never seen. Even though children may be more focused on items during other forms of learning, they learn about categories from item-level input during statistical learning.

关键词： Quantum group   Unitary easy quantum group   Unitary group   Half-liberation   Tensor category   Two-colored partition   Partition of a set   Category of partitions   Brauer algebra  

摘要： Compact quantum groups can be studied by investigating their representation categories in analogy to the Schur-Weyl/Tannaka-Krein approach. For the special class of (unitary) "easy" quantum groups, these categories arise from a combinatorial structure: rows of two-colored points form the objects, partitions of two such rows themorphisms. Vertical/horizontal concatenation and reflection give composition, monoidal product and involution. Of the four possible classesO, B, S and H of such categories (inspired, respectively, by the classical orthogonal, bistochastic, symmetric and hyperoctahedral groups), we treat the first three-the non-hyperoctahedral ones. We introduce many new examples of such categories. They are defined in terms of subtle combinations of block size, coloring and non-crossing conditions. This article is part of an effort to classify all non-hyperoctahedral categories of two-colored partitions. It is purely dcombinatorial in nature. The quantum group aspects are left out.

关键词： Antisense oligonucleotides   Stability   Stapled DNA   Anti-tumour activity  

摘要： The development of nucleic acid drugs with unique structures and mechanisms has stimulated great research interest. Herein, we report a general strategy to construct "stapled" structures of single-stranded antisense oligonucleotides (ASONs) with a stimuli-responsive feature. "Stapled" cyclic structures can be synthesized with reactive bifunctional handles that react with thiol groups of phosphorothioate (PS)-modified ASONs, and can be alternatively adjusted depending on the desired PS sites in the ASON strand. The disulphide group in the stapled handle can be cleaved in the reducing microenvironment of tumour cells. Thus, "stapled" ASONs may be transformed back to a linear conformation to facilitate binding to target mRNAs. Stapling conferred protection against degradation, and enhanced anti-tumour activity compared to linear counterparts. This study provides a new, effective, and convenient strategy for designing ASONs with "stapled" structures, and also adds a further contribution to facilitate the stability and biological efficacy of novel nucleic acid based therapeutics. (c) 2021 American Pharmacists Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Differential privacy   Metric learning   Categorical attributes   Distance-based methods  

摘要： Most privacy-preserving machine learning methods are designed around continuous or numeric data, but categorical attributes are common in many application scenarios, including clinical and health records, census and survey data. Distance-based methods, in particular, have limited applicability to categorical data, since they do not capture the complexity of the relationships among different values of a categorical attribute. Although distance learning algorithms exist for categorical data, they may disclose private information about individual records if applied to a secret dataset. To address this problem, we introduce a differentially private family of algorithms for learning distances between any pair of values of a categorical attribute according to the way they are co-distributed with the values of other categorical attributes forming the so-called context. We define different variants of our algorithm and we show empirically that our approach consumes little privacy budget while providing accurate distances, making it suitable in distance-based applications, such as clustering and classification.

关键词： Prostate cancer   Robot-assisted surgery   Prostatectomy   Recurrence   Urinary incontinence  

摘要： Purpose To evaluate urinary continence (UC) recovery and oncological outcomes in different risk-groups after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RALP) and open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP). Patients and methods We analysed 2650 men with prostate cancer from seven open (n = 805) and seven robotic (n = 1845) Swedish centres between 2008 and 2011 in a prospective non-randomised trial, LAPPRO. UC recovery was defined as change of pads less than once in 24 h. Information was collected through validated questionnaires. Rate of positive surgical margins (PSM) and biochemical recurrence (BCR), defined as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) > 0.25 mg/ml, were recorded. We stratified patients into two risk groups (low-intermediate and high risk) based on the D'Amico risk classification system. Result Among men with high-risk prostate cancer, we found significantly higher rates of UC recovery up to 24 months after RRP compared to RALP (66.1% vs 60.5%) RR 0.85 (CI 95% 0.73-0.99) while PSM was more frequent after RRP compared to RALP (46.8% vs 23.5%) RR 1.56 (CI 95% 1.10-2.21). In the same group no significant difference was seen in BCR. Overall, however, BCR was significantly more common after RRP compared to RALP at 24 months (9.8% vs 6.6%) RR 1.43 (Cl 95% 1.08-1.89). The limitations of this study are its non-randomized design and the relatively short time of follow-up. Conclusions Our study indicates that men with high-risk tumour operated with open surgery had better urinary continence recovery but with a higher risk of PSM than after robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery. No significant difference was seen in biochemical recurrence.

关键词： Montanera   Iberian pig   Dry-cured sausages   Lipid oxidation   Protein oxidation   Tocopherol   Unsaturated fatty acid   Long-term storage  

摘要： Physico-chemical and sensory analysis of Iberian chorizo manufactured from three commercial categories raw material compiled in the current Spanish Iberian Quality standard (Black, Red;100% Iberian and 50% Iberian x Duroc pigs, respectively, under Montanera, and White;50% Iberian x Duroc pigs commercially fed) and packed under vacuum and modified atmosphere (MAP) were carried out, in order to address the influence of the genotype and animal production system and packaging on quality parameters, as well as the stability of these throughout long-term storage. Montanera categories showed higher values of gamma-tocopherol, mono-and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, greater scores of flavour and taste and higher lipid oxidation during the whole storage. MAP preserved better colour, especially redness and lipid oxidative status. Iberian chorizo could attain a differentiated quality because of physico-chemical and sensorial characteristics derived from the Montanera that would be adequate preserved in both vacuum and MAP throughout long-term storage.

关键词： Finite topological spaces   A-isomorphic   SA-homotopy   Core of finite To-space   Minimal finite spaces  

摘要： The present paper investigates a strong homotopy (i.e., SA-homotopy) in a finite topological adjacency category. We prove that two minimal finite spaces are SA-homotopy equivalent if and only if they are A-isomorphic in the category, and that two finite T o -spaces are SA-homotopy equivalent if and only if they have A-isomorphic cores. As an application, we prove that all simple closed KA-curves are not SA-contractible. The SA-homotopy is a generalization of the classical topological homotopy. We also reveal similar properties between SA-homotopy and the classical topological homotopy. Moreover, in the sense of SA-homotopy we answer two questions having close relationships with that posed by Boxer (2005) [4]. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.