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关键词： Effective connectivity   Right hemisphere   Syntactic processing   Unified structural equation modeling   Word category information  

摘要： Word category information (WCI) is proposed to be fundamental for syntactic learning and processing. However, it remains largely unclear how left-hemispheric key regions for language, including BA 44 in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and superior temporal gyrus (STG), interact with their right-hemispheric homologues to support the WCI-based syntactic learning. To address this question, this study employed a unified structural equation modeling (uSEM) approach to explore both the intraand inter-hemispheric effective connectivity among these areas, to specify the neural underpinnings of handling WCI for syntactic learning. Modeling results identified a distinctive intra-left hemispheric connection from left BA 44 to left STG, a more integrated intraright hemispheric network, and a particular frontal right-to-left hemispheric connectivity pattern for WCI-based syntactic learning. Further analyses revealed a selective positive correlation between task performance and the lagged effect in left BA 44. These results converge on a critical left fronto-temporal language network with left BA 44 and its connectivity to left STG for WCIbased syntactic learning, which is also facilitated in a domain-general fashion by the right homologues. Together, these results provide novel insights into crucial neural network(s) for syntactic learning on the basis of WCI.

关键词： Quantum group   Unitary easy quantum group   Unitary group   Half-liberation   Tensor category   Two-colored partition   Partition of a set   Category of partitions   Brauer algebra  

摘要： Within the framework of unitary easy quantum groups, we study an analogue of Brauer's Schur-Weyl approach to the representation theory of the orthogonal group. We consider concrete combinatorial categories whose morphisms are formed by partitions of finite sets into disjoint subsets of cardinality two;the points of these sets are colored black or white. These categories correspond to "half-liberated easy" interpolations between the unitary group and Wang's quantum counterpart. We complete the classification of all such categories demonstrating that the subcategories of a certain natural halfway point are equivalent to additive subsemigroups of the natural numbers;the categories above this halfway point have been classified in a preceding article. We achieve this using combinatorial means exclusively. Our work reveals that the half-liberation procedure is quite different from what was previously known from the orthogonal case. (C) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： curriculum   medical education   needs assessment   pediatrics   residency  

摘要： BACKGROUND: Pediatric residency programs must adapt their curriculum to meet evolving patient needs yet face limited resources to implement changes resulting in gaps. We performed a categorical pediatric residency program curriculum needs assessment to inform curriculum development efforts. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Annual Survey of Graduating Residents and pediatric program and associate program director polls conducted at a 2019 pediatric residency program director national meeting. We used conventional content analysis to code and categorize. RESULTS: Participants included 528 (53%) graduating residents representing 88% of programs, 89 program directors, and 177 associate program directors representing at minimum 45% of programs. Participants demonstrated concordance on the top 4 needs-additional clinical experiences, career-development, business of medicine, and health systems. Program leaders also identified wellness and resiliency;disparities;diversity, equity, and inclusion;and communication. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first categorical pediatric program general curriculum needs assessment conducted of pediatric leadership and graduating residents in over a decade. While program leadership and resident data were collected 2 years apart, we found concordance on the top 4 categories and consistency with prior national needs assessments with the exception of career development. New curriculum development efforts are underway.

关键词： cognitive decline   dementia   fall   frequent falls  

摘要： BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES It is unknown whether older adults at high risk of falls but without cognitive impairment have higher rates of subsequent cognitive impairment. DESIGN This was an analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal data from National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). SETTING NHATS, secondary analysis of data from 2011 to 2019. PARTICIPANTS Community dwelling adults aged 65 and older without cognitive impairment. MEASUREMENTS Participants were classified at baseline in three categories of fall risk (low, moderate, severe) using a modified algorithm from the Center for Disease Control's STEADI (Stop Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries) and fall risk from data from the longitudinal NHATS. Impaired global cognition was defined as NHATS-derived impairment in either the Alzheimer's Disease-8 score, immediate/delayed recall, orientation, clock-drawing test, or date/person recall. The primary outcome was the first incident of cognitive impairment in an 8 year follow-up period. Cox-proportional hazard models ascertained time to onset of cognitive impairment (referent = low modified STEADI incidence). RESULTS Of the 7,146 participants (57.8% female), the median age category was 75 to 80 years. Prevalence of baseline fall modified STEADI risk categories in participants was low (51.6%), medium (38.5%), and high (9.9%). In our fully adjusted model, the risk of developing cognitive impairment was hazard ratio (HR) 1.18 [95% CI = 1.08, 1.29] in the moderate risk category, and HR 1.74 [95% CI = 1.53, 1.98] in the high-risk category. CONCLUSION Older, cognitively intact adults at high fall risk at baseline had nearly twice the risk of cognitive decline at 8 year follow-up.

关键词： Category theory   Life sciences   Cognitive science   Quantum theory   Penrose  

摘要： Category theory has recently been applied successfully beyond mathematics and its foundations, for example, in quantum physics, quantum computing, linguistics, and natural language processing in artificial intelligence. Category theory today is arguably foundations of science as well as foundations of mathematics. Yet applications of category theory to the life sciences are still limited, and there are seemingly no clearly successful paradigmatic cases of them. Here we address foundational aspects of category theory in and across the sciences, and potential structural interconnections between category theory and the life sciences, in particular cognitive science. More specifically, we first address the two aspects of category theory as foundations of science and as foundations of mathematics in particular, and then discuss what category theory could do for foundations of life science, in particular cognitive science. We propose, amongst other things, a categorical structuralist approach to the mindbody problem as an alternative to reductionist approaches, which is arguably of both scientific and metaphysical significance at the same time. Category theory allows us to elucidate structural interconnections between the laws of cognition and the laws of reality, thus paving the way for overcoming the Cartesian dualism separating the cognitive and physical worlds. Put another way, category theory suggests that there may be higher laws governing both worlds at once;the higher structuralist theory of cognition may embody the double aspect theory of information by David Chalmers.

关键词： Gustave roussy immune score   Non-small-cell lung cancer   Surgery   Prognosis  

关键词： Variable selection   Varying-coefficient model   Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator   Asymptotic theory  

摘要： This paper studies shrinkage estimation of a general varying-coefficient model in Li and Racine (2010), with both continuous and categorical covariates. We propose a kernel least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (KLASSO) to implement estimation and variable selection for the model. We establish the estimation sparsity and oracle efficiency of the KLASSO estimator. We also provide a BICtype criterion for tuning parameter selection and justify the model selection consistency. Simulation results suggest our method has a nice performance in terms of estimation errors and variable selection. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Face recognition   Word recognition   Stroke   Visual perception   Pure alexia   Prosopagnosia   Visual agnosia  

摘要： The organisational principles of the visual ventral stream are still highly debated, particularly the relative association/dissociation between word and face recognition and the degree of lateralisation of the underlying processes. Reports of dissociations between word and face recognition stem from single case-studies of category selective impairments, and neuroimaging investigations of healthy participants. Despite the historical reliance on single case-studies, more recent group studies have highlighted a greater commonality between word and face recognition. Studying individual patients with rare selective deficits misses (a) important variability between patients, (b) systematic associations between task performance, and (c) patients with mild, severe and/or non-selective impairments;meaning that the full spectrum of deficits is unknown. The Back of the Brain project assessed the range and specificity of visual perceptual impairment in 64 patients with posterior cerebral artery stroke recruited based on lesion localization and not behavioural performance. Word, object, and face processing were measured with comparable tests across different levels of processing to investigate associations and dissociations across domains. We present two complementary analyses of the extensive behavioural battery: (1) a data-driven analysis of the whole patient group, and (2) a single-subject case-series analysis testing for deficits and dissociations in each individual patient. In both analyses, the general organisational principle was of associations between words, objects, and faces even following unilateral lesions. The majority of patients either showed deficits across all domains or in no domain, suggesting a spectrum of visuo-perceptual deficits post stroke. Dissociations were observed, but they were the exception and not the rule: Category selective impairments were found in only a minority of patients, all of whom showed disproportionate deficits for words. Interestingl

关键词： Relative performance   Categorical variables   Multidimensional evaluation  

摘要： This paper presents an evaluation protocol that permits evaluating the relative performance of a set of populations in a multidimensional context when outcomes are measured in terms of categorical variables. This problem appears in many different fields, such as Medicine, Social Sciences, or Engineering. The key ingredient for this evaluation is comparing the likelihood of achieving higher performance levels in the different dimensions. This way of addressing this family of problems derives from extending the balanced worth (Herrero and Villar, 2018) to a multidimensional setting. This evaluation protocol is illustrated by means of two empirical applications regarding life satisfaction in Europe and multidimensional poverty measurement in Spain.

关键词： Sheep   Doppler ultrasound   Artificial insemination   Pregnancy diagnosis   Progesterone  

摘要： The aims of this study were to: 1) determine if the insertion of a second MAP sponge in ewes 12 days after the first FTAI affects the pregnancy rate;2) compare the responses to resynchronization protocol in multiparous and nulliparous ewes;and 3) compare the responses to resynchronization protocol in multiparous and postpartum lactating ewes. Three trials were performed with 186 Corriedale ewes: 111 multiparous [(control ? CON (n = 60) and synchronization ? SYNC groups (n = 51)], forty-two 1.5 yr-old nulliparous (group NUL), and 33 lactating ewes with at least 28 postpartum (group PtP). All ewes were treated with a MAP sponge for 6 days. Twenty-four hours before the sponge withdrawal, all animals received 0.24 mg of cloprostenol sodium and 300 IU of eCG, and 0.05 mg of gonadorelin 36 h after sponge withdrawal and artificially inseminated (AI) 27-30 h after the GnRH adminis-tration (Day 0). A second intravaginal sponge was inserted to all groups (except for SYNC group), on Day 12. On Day 17, early pregnancy diagnosis was performed with doppler ultrasound in all ewes. Sponge withdrawal occurred on Day 18, and a new GnRH dose (0.05 mg) was administrated 36 h after it. Once again, AI 27-30 h after the GnRH administration. A final pregnancy diagnosis on Day 42 was performed in all ewes for confirmation of first diagnosis and the data were confirmed by parturition. Ewes in all groups presented estrus signs (SYNCH ? 94.1%;CON ? 71.7%;NUL ? 83.3%;PtP ? 39.4% at first AI and CON ? 65.2%;NUL ? 76.5%;PtP ? 62.5% at the second). Pregnancy rate and pregnancy loss were not different between synchronized and resynchronized multiparous ewes (SYNCH ? 56.9% vs. CON ? 58.3% pregnant at D42 and SYNCH ? 5.9% vs. CON ? 7.1% fetal loss at D42). No differences were found between resynchronized multiparous and nulliparous ewes at the first FTAI, only fecundity was higher in multiparous ewes [CON ? 0.88 vs. NUL ? 0.62 (P = 0.04)]. Resynchronized multiparous ewes had higher reproductive perfo