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关键词： albuminuria   ambulatory blood pressure monitoring   arterial stiffness   blood pressure   central blood pressure   hemodynamic characteristics   hypertension   pulse wave analysis   renal resistive index  

摘要： BACKGROUND This study investigated the association between arterial stiffness indices and asymptomatic chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk categories in hypertensive patients. METHODS Arterial stiffness indices, including 24-hour brachial and aortic systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse wave velocity (PWV), were measured by an oscillometric Mobil-O-Graph device, brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) by a volume-plethysmographic method, and renal resistive index (RI) by ultrasonography, in 184 essential hypertensive patients (66.0 17.1 years, 47.3% male). CKD was categorized into 3 stages based on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria, using a combination of estimated glomerular filtration and albuminuria. RESULTS The 24-hour aortic PWV (aPWV), baPWV, and RI increased with worsening severity of CKD risk category (all P < 0.01 for trend). Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that a 1 SD increase of nighttime aortic SBP (odds ratio [OR] 1.52), PWV (OR 4.80), or RI (OR 1.75) was an independent predictor of high or very-high CKD stage (all P < 0.05). After adjustment for potential confounders, day-to-night change in brachial SBP as well as in aPWV differed among groups (P < 0.05, respectively). In a multivariate regression model, day-to-night changes in aortic SBP and PWV, and RI were independently associated with day-to-night brachial SBP change. CONCLUSIONS In hypertension, circadian hemodynamics in high CKD stage are characterized by higher nighttime values of aortic SBP and PWV and disturbed intrarenal hemodynamics. Further, the blunted nocturnal BP reduction in these patients might be mediated via disturbed intrarenal hemodynamics and circadian hemodynamic variation in aortic SBP and arterial stiffness.

关键词： Acceptable risk   Debris-flow disaster   Three-category population   Questionnaire investigation   Risk preference   Demographic attribute  

摘要： Debris flows are abrupt geological hazards frequently resulting in destructive disasters in mountain areas. Thus, analysis of the acceptable risk of debris-flow disasters should be attentively considered, whereas the crucial problem of the acceptable disaster risk is how to know what the risk levels of debris-flow disasters are acceptable for the public. Thence, the questionnaire investigation of the acceptable risk preferences for different populations in various regions can be such a solution. The acceptable disaster risks are not only taking into account people's acceptance, but also related to government's disaster-reduction strategy and also referred to expert's professional evaluation. Therefore, the establishment of guidelines and criterions for the acceptable risks of debris-flow disasters need all participations from multiple populations and different regions. In this survey, three-category populations including ordinary people, experts/scholars and administrators across China joined the questionnaire investigation. Five indicators (disaster-affected toll, death toll, death rate, personal direct economic loss, and total direct economic loss) were used to describe the acceptable risks of debris-flow disasters. Incorporated with frequency analysis, this work has explained the demographic characteristics for the acceptable risk preferences. The results indicate that ordinary people have relatively low acceptable risks, experts/scholars have slightly high acceptable risks and administrators have acceptable risks between both of them. Educational level, occupation, and income were the dominatingly demographic factors for the interpretations of the acceptable risk preferences.

关键词： autism   categorical induction   shape bias   developmental connections   language development   categories  

摘要： Categorical induction abilities are robust in typically developing (TD) preschoolers, while children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) frequently perform inconsistently on tasks asking for the transference of traits from a known category member to a new example based on shared category membership. Here, TD five-year-olds and six-year-olds with ASD participated in a categorical induction task;the TD children performed significantly better and more consistently than the children with ASD. Concurrent verbal and nonverbal tests were not significant correlates;however, the TD children's shape bias performance at two years of age was significantly positively predictive of categorical induction performance at age five. The shape bias, the tendency to extend a novel label to other objects of the same shape during word learning, appears linked with categorical induction ability in TD children, suggesting a common underlying skill and consistent developmental trajectory. Word learning and categorical induction appear uncoupled in children with ASD.

关键词： Illness   Athletes   Rugby   Respiratory illness   Infections   Return-to-play  

摘要： Objectives: To document incidence rate and severity of specific sub-categories of respiratory tract illness (RTill) in rugby players during the Super Rugby tournament. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Team physicians completed daily illness logs in 537 professional male rugby players from South African teams participating in the Super Rugby Union tournaments (2013-2017) (1141 player-seasons, 102,738 player-days). The incidence rate (IR: illness episodes/1000 player-days) and severity [%RTill resulting in time-loss, ill-ness burden (IB: days lost to illness/1000 player-days) and days until return-to-play (DRTP)/single illness (mean: 95% Confidence Intervals)] are reported for the following specific sub-categories of RTill: non-infective respiratory tract illness (RTnon-inf), respiratory tract infections (RTinf), influenza-like illness, infective sinusitis, upper respiratory tract infections (URTinf), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTinf). Results: The overall IR of RTill was 2.9 (2.6-3.3). IR was higher for RTinf (2.5;2.2-2.9) vs. RTnon-inf (0.4;0.3-0.6) (p < 0.001). For sub-categories the highest IR was in URTinf (1.9;1.7-2.2), while the % illness causing time-loss was influenza-like illness (100%), LRTinf (91.7%), infective sinusitis (55.6%), and URTinf (49.0%). IB was highest for URTinf (2.0;1.6-2.5), and the DRTP/single illness was highest for LRTinf (3.2;2.3-4.4), and influenza-like illness (2.1;1.6-2.8). Conclusions: RTinf accounted for >57% of all illness during the Super Rugby tournament, and mostly URTinf. Influenza-like illness. LRTinf caused time-loss in >90% cases. URTinf, LRTinf and influenza-like illness resulted in the highest burden of illness and LRTinf caused the highest DRTP. Prevention strategies should focus on miti-gating the risk of RTinf, specifically URTinf, LRTinf and influenza-like illness. (c) 2021 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Diffuse glioma   Extent of resection   Glioblastoma   MRI   Nomenclature   Surgical resection  

摘要： Surgical resection represents the standard of care in diffuse glioma, and more extensive tumour resection appears to be associated with favourable outcome. Up to now, terminology to describe extent of resection has been inconsistently applied across clinical trials which hampers comparative analysis of cohorts between different studies. Based on a comprehensive literature review, we developed evidence-based expert recommendations on categories for extent of resection. Recommendations are formulated for the categories 'biopsy', 'partial resection', 'subtotal resection', 'near total resection', 'complete resection' and 'supramaximal resection'. Definitions rest on reduction of contrast-and non-contrast-enhancing tumour in glioblastoma, and on reduction of T2/FLAIR-hyperintense tumour in gliomas WHO grade 2 or 3. Both relative reduction of tumour volume (in percentage) as a measurement of surgical efficacy and absolute residual tumour volume (in cm(3)) as a measurement of remaining tumour burden are incorporated into the categories for extent of resection. Class of evidence for the proposed categories ranges from class IIB to IV. Limitations of the suggested categories are discussed. The proposed categories on extent of resection offer a framework to standardize nomenclature based on previous studies, and will need to be evaluated in prospective, molecularly well-defined cohorts. Our categories may eventually help as a stratification factor for future clinical trials. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

关键词： Exclusion   Ethno-religious groups   Ethno-religious hierarchy   Cross-national evidence  

摘要： In this contribution, we set out to rigorously test previous theoretical propositions that people tend to have consensual and cumulative rankings of exclusion of ethnic and religious outgroups, often referred to as 'ethnic hierarchies' constituting a shared and particular pattern of ranking different outgroups, preferably excluded from possible social interaction. Crucial questions are (1) to what extent are European natives' levels of exclusion of Muslim, Jewish and Gypsy minority groups consensually and, moreover, hierarchically ranked? (2) to what extent is this pattern of exclusion comparable across representative samples of European countries and (3) to what extent is it comparable across relevant social categories within these countries? We take advantage of high quality cross-national European data asking representative samples of respondents whether they would not allow particular ethno-religious groups into their country, analyzed with probabilistic scalogram analysis. We found convincingly strong empirical evidence for the consensual and cumulative ranking of exclusion of typical ethno-religious outgroups: most Europeans wish to allow no Gypsies to come into their country, followed by Muslims and finally Jews as the least excluded ethno-religious outgroup. This rank order of outgroups' exclusionism was found in 18 out of 20 different European countries. Notwithstanding differences in the level of exclusion across countries, citizens within these countries rank order these ethno-religious groups in a similar, comparable and cumulative way. Moreover, we presented evidence that this cumulative rank order is present within many different social categories within these countries. Our contribution may be one of the first to rigorously test heavily cited theoretical propositions on social and polemic representations.

关键词： ADHD   inhibition   lncRNA   RNF219‐   AS1   white matter microstructure  

摘要： Aims Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder of substantial heritability, yet emerging evidence suggests that key risk variants might reside in the noncoding regions of the genome. Our study explored the association of lncRNAs (long noncoding RNAs) with ADHD as represented at three different phenotypic levels guided by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework: (i) ADHD caseness and symptom dimension, (ii) executive functions as functional endophenotype, and (iii) potential genetic influence on white matter architecture as brain structural endophenotype. Methods Genotype data of 107 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from 10 candidate lncRNAs were analyzed in 1040 children with ADHD and 630 controls of Chinese Han descent. Executive functions including inhibition and set-shifting were assessed by STROOP and trail making tests, respectively. Imaging genetic analyses were performed in a subgroup of 33 children with ADHD and 55 controls using fractional anisotropy (FA). Results One SNP rs3908461 polymorphism in RNF219-AS1 was found to be significantly associated with ADHD caseness: with C-allele detected as the risk genotype in the allelic model (P = 8.607E-05) and dominant genotypic model (P = 9.628E-05). Nominal genotypic effects on inhibition (p = 0.020) and set-shifting (p = 0.046) were detected. While no direct effect on ADHD core symptoms was detected, mediation analysis suggested that SNP rs3908461 potentially exerted an indirect effect through inhibition function [B = 0.21 (SE = 0.12), 95% CI = 0.02-0.49]. Imaging genetic analyses detected significant associations between rs3908461 genotypes and FA values in corpus callosum, left superior longitudinal fasciculus, left posterior limb of internal capsule, left posterior thalamic radiate (include optic radiation), and the left anterior corona radiate (P (FWE corrected) < 0.05). Conclusion Our present study examined the potential roles of lncRNA in genetic etiologic

关键词： categorical competition   typicality   legitimacy shock   cooperatives   credit unions   financial crisis   banking  

摘要： We connect two distinct streams of research on categories to study the role of within-category typicality in the context of legitimacy shocks. We argue that, following a legitimacy shock, member organizations of the tainted, focal category suffer equally, irrespective of their typicality. However, only the typical members of the newly favored, oppositional category benefit. Therefore, the effects of legitimacy shocks are asymmetrically influenced by typicality. We argue this pattern is the result of a two-stage process of categorization by audiences, whereby audiences prioritize distinctions between organizations in a newly favored category and spend limited efforts considering distinctions in the tainted, focal category. We examine our theory in the context of the U.S. financial services industry, where four different kinds of organizations engage in competition: traditional commercial banks, community banks, single-bond credit unions, and multibond credit unions. Consistent with our theory, we show that both traditional commercial banks and community banks suffer in terms of deposit market share following the legitimacy shock of the 2007 financial crisis, but the relative gains to credit unions are strongest for single-bond credit unions.

关键词： Weathering processes   Field study   Laboratory analyses   Damage category   GIS mapping   Japan  

摘要： Japan is one of the countries that has a considerable number of archaeological sites that are dated back to thousands of years and are of value. They, as well as many archaeological sites worldwide, suffer weathering to different limits of damage categories. Specification of damage category of such ancient sites is of value for the decision of conservation. The current study aims to find out the prevailing weathering processes acting on the archaeological sites at the Yoshimi area. Also, it aims to map damage categories defined by field survey using a geographic information system (GIS 10.1) program, numerical specification of rock's damage categories applying the magneto-structive ultrasonic waves for measuring the velocity of the ultrasonic waves (Cp) at specific measuring points in the field. The rock's salt content has also been examined in the laboratory for small size representative rock samples at the Yoshimi region to find out the main reasons behind the prevailing weathering at the study area. Rock's petrography and mineral composition using a transmitting polarizing microscope and a scanning electron microscope indicated meta-sediments at the Yoshimi site with diagenetic kaolinite. The damage category at caves 2 and 3 is higher than that at cave 1 as indicated from field survey as well as laboratory measurements of Cp and rock's salt content. Mapping with GIS confirms that field specification of damage categories is highly matching with laboratory study for these caves. Chemical weathering and mechanical weathering are acting at these sites creating diagenetic kaolinite, micro-cracks, rock deformation up to rock powdering. Salt weathering acts through crystallization of chlorides and hydration of sulfates. Frost weathering as well as biological weathering by algae and plants deforms these sites that are of historical value.

关键词： Loanwords   Cross-language perception   Korean   English  

摘要： Some propose that loanword adaptation is at its core non-native perception of foreign input (Boersma and Hamann2009;Peperkamp et al.2008;Silverman1992). It has also been noted, however, that cross-language correspondences in loanwords are far more consistent than expected based on on-line perception by naive monolinguals. There is also evidence that cross-language perception itself differs depending on adapters' experience with the source language (henceforth, L2) (Bundgaard-Nielsen et al.2011;Kwon2017;Nomura and Ishikawa2018). These findings suggest that cross-language perception is mediated by adapters' knowledge of L2 sound structure, rather than a simple function of native language (L1) perception applied to L2 acoustic signals. The current study presents a direct test of the influence of L1 vs. L2 perceptual strategies on cross-language speech perception through a series of phonetic categorization experiments in three language modes: L1, L2, and L2L1 (cross-language). Results point to a distinct influence of listener's L2 knowledge on cross-language perception: L2L1 mapping was well explained by listeners' L2 perceptual strategies, and for those listeners who showed different perceptual patterns for L1 and L2, cross-language perception more closely mirrored L2 than L1 perception. By demonstrating that perceived L2 phonological categories shape cross-language perception, the study suggests a way to reconcile the perceptual view of loanword adaptation with the phonological regularity of established loanwords.