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摘要： Objectives: The objectives of this post-hoc analysis were to examine the safety and efficacy of omadacycline by BMI categories and diabetes history in adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) from two pivotal Phase III studies. Patients and methods: OASIS-1 (*** identifier NCT02378480): patients were randomized 1:1 to IV omadacycline or linezolid for 7-14 days, with optional transition to oral medication. OASIS-2 (*** identifier NCT02877927): patients received once-daily oral omadacycline or twice-daily oral linezolid for 7-14 days. Early clinical response (ECR) was defined as >= 20% reduction in lesion size 48-72 h after the first dose. Clinical success at post-treatment evaluation (PTE;7-14 days after the last dose) was defined as symptom resolution such that antibacterial therapy was unnecessary. Safety was assessed by treatment-emergent adverse events and laboratory measures. Between-treatment comparisons were made with regard to WHO BMI categories and diabetes history. Results: Patients were evenly distributed among healthy weight, overweight and obese groups. Clinical success for omadacycline-treated patients at ECR and PTE was similar across BMI categories. Outcomes by diabetes status were similar in omadacycline- and linezolid-treated patients: at ECR, clinical success rates were lower for those with diabetes;at PTE, clinical success was similar between treatment groups regardless of diabetes history. The safety of omadacycline and linezolid was largely similar across BMI groups and by diabetes history. Conclusions: Omadacycline efficacy in patients with higher BMI and in patients with diabetes was consistent with results from two pivotal Phase III ABSSSI trials. Fixed-dose omadacycline is an appropriate treatment for ABSSSI in adults regardless of BMI.

关键词： endometrial cancer   lymphadenectomy   body mass index   obesity   survival  

摘要： Objective: In patients with endometrial cancer, obesity is associated with favorable prognostic characteristics but not with prolonged survival. The aim of this study was to elucidate the reason for this clinical paradox. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1173 patients with endometrial cancer. Patients were divided into a non-obese group [body mass index (BMI) < 30 kg/m(2)], class I obesity group (BMI 3035 kg/m(2)) and class II obesity group (BMI >= 35 kg/m(2)). The relationship between clinicopathological factors and disease-specific survival (DSS) was analyzed by Cox regression analysis. To correct for three-time significance testing, we used the Bonferroni method, giving the level of probability at which findings were considered significant as P < 0.0167. Results: Three disease-intrinsic variables-older age, advanced stage and high-risk histology- and three treatment-related variables-no hysterectomy, no lymphadenectomy and no chemotherapy-were independently associated with poor DSS. DSS was similar among the three groups of patients even though the proportion of patients with plural pretreatment-related unfavorable risk factors significantly decreased with increment of BMI category (40.1 vs. 27.5 vs. 17.6%, P = 0.0003). The proportion of patients with plural treatment-related unfavorable prognostic factors significantly increased with increment of BMI category (21.3 vs. 26.7 vs. 39.3%, P = 0.0072). Conclusions: Poor-quality surgical staging in obese women may result in worse than expected survival outcomes.

关键词： 对外汉语教学   全量范畴词   偏误分析   教学建议  

摘要： 词汇教学在对外汉语教学中占据重要地位，近义词教学又是对外汉语词汇教学中的重点和难点，需要我们积极研究其教学教法。“个个、各个、每个”作为留学生在初、中级阶段必须掌握的一组近义词，在日常交际和教学中，留学生常常会出现偏误。因此，本文以“个个、各个、每个”为研究对象，分析研究留学生出现偏误的原因，旨在为对外汉语教学提出建议。本文主要分为三个部分：　　第一部分主要从主体研究的角度对“个个、各个、每个”进行语义特征和句法功能的对比分析。在语义对比中，主要结合认知主义的凸显参照观，对三者的语义侧重进行对比；在句法功能分析中，基于语义的差异，对三者能作的句法成分一一进行演绎分析，最后总结出三者的句法功能及表达的相应的意义。其中“个个”通常作主语，也可以作定语，强调整体中内部的统一性；“各个”常作定语，强调整体内部的差异性，也可以作状语，表示“逐个”的意思；“每个”使用频率最高，常作定语，也可以作主语，强调整体，具有周遍性。　　第二部分主要立足于HSK动态作文语料库，设计调查问卷，在统计和分析问卷数据的基础上，结合实际情况，将留学生的偏误分为四种类型：误加、误用、错序、其他。其中学生使用“个个”出现偏误的频率最高，“各个”次之，“每个”最低，说明学生对“每个”的掌握相对较好，但从总体上来说，学生对“个个、各个、每个”的使用皆不够熟练。因此，本文针对偏误出现的情况，立足于中介语理论以及偏误分析理论，分析留学生出现偏误的原因，主要分为教师教学、目的语规则过度泛化、学习者自身、教材编写四个方面。　　第三部分在偏误原因的基础上，有针对性地提出了教师教学、学习者自身、教材编写三方面的建议，其中在教学方面，转换前文运用的意向图式，提出图示法，让“个个、各个、每个”的语义和句法功能的差异和共性一目了然，旨在提高“个个、各个、每个”的对外汉语教学效率，减少偏误的出现。

关键词： Attention   Dopamine   fMRI   Microstimulation   Neuromodulation   Rhesus monkey   Task-Irrelevant   Ventral Tegmental Area   Visual Perceptual Learning  

摘要： Perception improves by repeated practice with visual stimuli, a phenomenon known as visual perceptual learning (VPL). The interplay of attentional and neuromodulatory reward signals is hypothesized to cause these behavioral and associated neuronal changes, although VPL can occur without attention (i.e., task-irrelevant VPL). In addition, task-relevant VPL can be category-selective for simple attended oriented stimuli. Yet, it is unclear whether category-selective task-irrelevant VPL occurs and which brain centers mediate underlying forms of adult cortical plasticity. Here, we show that pairing subliminal complex visual stimuli (faces and bodies) with electrical microstimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA-EM) causes category-selective task-irrelevant VPL. These perceptual improvements are accompanied by fMRI signal changes in early and late visual and frontal areas, as well as the cerebellum, hippocampus, claustrum, and putamen. In conclusion, Pavlovian pairing of unattended complex stimuli with VTA-EM causes category-selective learning accompanied by changes of cortical and subcortical neural representations in macaques.