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关键词： 马基雅维里   《君主论》   用兵之道   战略思想   包藏   范畴  

摘要： 《用兵之道》中的战略思想特征“《用兵之道》作为一部战略思想经典,它的地位得到普遍承认……”如果说马基雅维里在《君主论》中包藏的战略思想可归于“大战略”的范畴,那么他在《用兵之道》一书中所包藏的战略思想,既有“大战略”范畴的,也有狭义的“战略”范畴的内容。

关键词： Argan oil   Oil traceability   Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy   Quality evaluation   Classification tools   Chemometric analysis  

摘要： The characterization of Argan oils to classify them in three categories ('Extra Virgin', 'Virgin' and 'Lower quality') was evaluated. A total of 120 Moroccan Argan oils samples from the Taroudant Argan forest was investigated. The free acidity, peroxide value, spectrophotometric indices (K232 and K270), fatty acids, sterols, and tocopherol contents were assessed. The samples were also scanned by FTIR spectroscopy. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and four classification methods, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA), K-nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Support Vector Machines (SVM), were applied on both the chemical and spectral data. Besides the conventional chemical profiling, FTIR spectra were evaluated for their feasibility as a rapid non-invasive approach for classifying and predicting the oil quality categories. The most important variables for differentiating the oil categories were identified as K232, peroxide value, gamma-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol, acidity, stigma-8-22-dien-3 beta-ol, stearic acid (C-18:0) and linoleic acid (C-18:2) and could be used as quality indicators. Eight chemical descriptors or key features from the FTIR spectra (selected by interval-PLS) could also be established as indicators of quality and freshness of Argan oils.

关键词： 教学相长   为己之学   话语变迁   当代价值  

摘要： 教学相长作为《学记》中的教育范畴,对学与教之间相互关系的阐释最为经典,是“为己之学”在教育经典文本中的生动再现。以郑玄—孔颖达为代表的注疏之学和以荆公新学—陈澔为代表的义理之学,体现了以学为核心的教育话语体系下,教学相长范畴研究的儒学话语变迁。以《学记笺证》《学记研究》《〈礼记〉新读》为代表的学术专著,呈现了以教为核心的话语体系下,教学相长范畴研究的学科术语变迁。教育学类教材和论文主要从教学原则和教师成长规律两个方面来展开教学相长范畴研究。教学相长范畴中“为己之学”的为学旨趣、“弟子不必不如师”的师道观念和“好学”的师德修养,正是教学过程中形成良好师生关系的内在保障。教学相长范畴的当代价值就在于此。

关键词： 家族相似   原核意义   原型范畴   语义学   意义域  

摘要： 维特根斯坦讨论“家族相似性”没有区分“语言学的词语”和“逻辑学的概念”。称棋类、牌类、球类等活动为“game”,此为历史认知语言学问题,其引申线索可追溯为:现代英语“game”(游戏)<中古英语“gamen”(狩猎、体育、棋类比赛)<古萨克逊语“gamen”(娱乐,嬉戏、消遣)<哥特语“gaman”(参与、共享)<原始日耳曼语“*ga-mann”(人们一起)。在维特根斯坦(1936—1937)、奥斯汀(1940)以及罗施(1973,1975)之前,19世纪初到20世纪30年代的许多语义学家已经发表了一系列与家族相似性、原核意义论及原型范畴理论相关的精辟论述。达梅斯泰特尔(1887)论述了新词义产生的“辐射”和“串联”过程;埃德曼(1900)区分了词义的“中心”和“边界”;加德纳(1932)建立了“意义域”(中心、边界、分组、偏离、外围化)理论。就此而言,是语言学研究启迪了语言哲学及认知心理学的研究。

关键词： “虚掷”   美学范畴   美感  

摘要： 程琦琳称中国美学是范畴美学,凡提及美学研究则必关注美学范畴。近年来对"味""自然"等范畴的研究勾连着整个中国美学史,也透视出中国美学和西方美学的不同特质。然当代美学研究过度重视对范畴的界定,有甚者向西方借用批评方法以阐释中国的美学范畴,所得结论偏于静态和平面。由此,笔者自中国古代思想文论中寻求资源,发现并挖掘"虚掷"的范畴,借此新范畴分析并贯通中国美学所独到之处,并对当今的某些文化现象做简要反拨。

关键词： 成本范畴   实践内涵   扩展应用   体系建设   变迁管理  

摘要： 高质量的经济发展以可持续的创新经济为基础,为成本管理带来了新的机遇与挑战。关注成本范畴中的实践内涵,既是我国经济社会发展的客观需要,也是企业管理的内在要求。国内外成本管理工具的创新,以及成本理论应用于企业实践中的经验总结,使成本范畴中的实践内涵得到持续的丰富与扩展。文章结合成本范畴的变迁管理,从制度、技术与管理等不同层面提炼成本范畴实践内涵的精髓,丰富经济学、管理学与会计学中的成本范畴组合,并通过对成本管理实践镜像的及时、系统的反馈与收敛,增强中国成本管理的理论自觉与学术自信,积极构建成本范畴变迁的话语体系。

关键词： Fatigue evaluation   Fatigue database   Fatigue of plain members   Fatigue of mechanically fastened joints   Fatigue detail categories   1993-1-9  

摘要： The present paper deals with the reassessment of fatigue detail categories of plain members and mechanically fastened joints (Table 8.1 in EC3-1-9) based on published fatigue test data. For a differentiated re-evaluation of details an elaborate database structure has been set up. Detail categories of different types of plain members and mechanically fastened joints have been investigated and revised by evaluating the collected fatigue data. Finally, several influences on the fatigue strength of the revised details have been analysed and design recommendations are given. For shear or gas cut plates, higher fatigue classes have been determined. In case of sheared or gas cut plates with subsequent dressing and double covered preloaded joints, higher inverse slopes of the S-N curves as currently incorporated in EC3-1-9 prove to be more realistic. A dependence of fatigue strength on stress ratio and yield strength as well as fabrication properties have been shown. For double covered preloaded joints, a dependence of fatigue strength on yield strength is significant and it is therefore recommended to include a higher fatigue class for higher strengths into the detail catalogue. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Category theory   Operator theory   C-0-semigroups   Extensions  

摘要： The aim of this paper is to exploit the structure of strongly continuous operator semigroups in order to formulate a categorical framework in which a fresh perspective can be applied to past operator theoretic results. In particular, we investigate the inverse-producing Arens extension for Banach algebras (Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 88:536-548, 1958) adapted for operators and operator semigroups by Batty and Geyer (J. Oper. Theory 78(2):473-500, 2017) in this new framework, asking and answering questions using categorical language. We demonstrate that the Arens extension defines an extension functor in this setting and that it forms an adjunction with the suitably defined forgetful functor. As a by-product of this categorical framework, we also revisit the work on Banach direct sums by Lachowicz and Moszynski (Semigroup Forum 93(1):34-70, 2016). This paper can be considered as a brief exploration of the triple interface between operator semigroups, Banach algebras, and category theory.

关键词： ALK   genome   histology   immunohistochemistry   MYCN   neuroblastoma   prognosis  

摘要： The International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification (INPC), which distinguishes a favorable histology (FH) and an unfavorable histology (UH), is one of the most powerful prognostic factors in patients with neuroblastoma. FH that shows spontaneous regression or age-appropriate tumor differentiation/maturation, is common in infants and has mutual interaction with Schwann cells via the NGF/NTRK1 pathway and gain of whole chromosome 17. In contrast, UH is prevalent in older children and is molecularly heterogeneous. MYCN amplification is the most frequent genomic abnormality in tumors with UH. MYCN-amplified tumors demonstrate characteristic histology, the same as MYC-positive neuroblastoma. Chromosome 1pLOH is often associated with MYCN amplification, but on the other hand, chromosome 11qLOH rarely occurs in combination with MYCN amplification. 11qLOH has an inferior prognostic impact in UH without MYCN amplification. The high expression of ALK protein is a negative prognostic factor in both ALK mutated or amplified tumors and FH, but not in UH. Abnormal maintenance/elongation of telomeres;overexpression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) phenotype due to ATRX mutation, are another molecular event in UH. The INPC, incorporating immunohistochemistry for MYCN, MYC, ALK, TERT and ATRX, represents a practical and implementable approach to create the biological category for the future management of patients with this unique disease.

关键词： 14‐   02  

摘要： Much has been written about Grothendieck duality. This survey will make the point that most of this literature is now obsolete: there is a brilliant 1968 article by Verdier with the right idea on how to approach the subject. Verdier's article was largely forgotten for two decades until Lipman resurrected it, reworked it and developed the ideas to obtain the right statements for what had before been a complicated theory. For the reader's benefit, Sections 1 through 5, which present the (large) portion of the theory that can nowadays be obtained from formal nonsense about rigidly compactly generated tensor triangulated categories, are all post-Verdier. The major landmarks in developing this approach were a 1996 article by me which was later generalized and improved on by Balmer, Dell'Ambrogio and Sanders, and a much more recent article of mine about improvements to the Verdier base-change theorem and the functor f!. Section 6 is where Verdier's 1968 ideas still play a pivotal role, but in the cleaned-up version due to Lipman and with new, short and direct proofs.