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关键词： Scale format   Likert   Vertical   Horizontal   Extreme response style   Visual distance  

摘要： In four survey experiments we show that people generally answer more extremely to survey items presented in vertical versus horizontal Likert formats. Our findings suggest that this effect may be at least partly driven by differences in the visual range spanned by the response scale (i.e. the visual distance between endpoint response categories is larger in horizontal than in a vertical format). In addition, compared to traditional horizontal Likert data, vertical Likert data contain more variance, which is mainly non-substantive. As a result, data obtained with scale formats that have different distances between response categories (as is typically the case for vertical vs. horizontal formats) may lead to differences in measurement model parameter estimates like residual terms, and in some cases factor loadings and construct correlations. Based on these results, we provide recommendations on the use of response scale formats in online surveys, bearing in mind that several online survey tool providers promote the use of vertical Likert formats and even automatically change traditional horizontal formats of Likert-type items to vertical Likert formats when viewed on small screens (e.g., on mobile phones). (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Categorization   prediction models   cut-off point   bootstrap  

摘要： The high impact of the lymph node ratio as a prognostic factor is widely established in colorectal cancer, and is being used as a categorized predictor variable in several studies. However, the cut-off points as well as the number of categories considered differ considerably in the literature. Motivated by the need to obtain the best categorization of the lymph node ratio as a predictor of mortality in colorectal cancer patients, we propose a method to select the best number of categories for a continuous variable in a logistic regression framework. Thus, to this end, we propose a bootstrap-based hypothesis test, together with a new estimation algorithm for the optimal location of the cut-off points called BackAddFor, which is an updated version of the previously proposed AddFor algorithm. The performance of the hypothesis test was evaluated by means of a simulation study, under different scenarios, yielding type I errors close to the nominal errors and good power values whenever a meaningful difference in terms of prediction ability existed. Finally, the methodology proposed was applied to the CCR-CARESS study where the lymph node ratio was included as a predictor of five-year mortality, resulting in the selection of three categories.

关键词： advantage   fairness   gender   Mä   ntyranta   Semenya   testosterone   unfair advantage  

摘要： This paper aims to bring a novel approach to the discussion of unfair advantages in sport by looking for a local criterion of fairness instead of a universal criterion. A local criterion of fairness would not solve the general dispute over what counts as an unfair advantage, but it would be beneficial in evaluating specific cases and could guide further discussion about them. We seek a local criterion of fairness by comparing the specific property advantages of Caster Semenya and Eero Mantyranta. South African Semenya is a middle-distance runner whose right to compete in the female category has been challenged owing to her assumed difference of sex development and related high level of testosterone. Finnish Mantyranta was a cross-country skier with an exceptionally high haematocrit level. We examine whether there is a relevant difference between their advantages that would justify treating the athletes differently. We propose that the criterion 'not attainable by other athletes in the same category' could stand as a local criterion of fairness under certain conditions. However, its proper application requires further discussion on how to justify categories in sport.

关键词： Accessible category   2-category   Pseudomorphism  

摘要： Categorical structures and their pseudomaps rarely form locally presentable 2-categories in the sense of Cat-enriched category theory. However, we show that if the categorical structure in question is sufficiently weak (such as the structure of monoidal, but not strict monoidal, categories) then the 2-category in question is accessible. Furthermore, we explore the flexible limits that such 2-categories possess and their interaction with filtered colimits. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance   HPV   triage  

摘要： The balance point between the specificity and sensitivity obtainable in triage cytology must take into account that the first is the crucial point for the whole process of cervical cancer screening using HPV primary screening test. Having the use of HPV as primary screening test completely changed the role of the Pap test in the screening algorithm, should "The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology" be reviewed? In particular, is the use of the ASC-US category still truly necessary?

关键词： F0 timing   Syllable weight   Luganda   Contour tone   Final lengthening   Bantu  

摘要： In Luganda (Bantu, Uganda), there is a contrast between early and late high tone, differing in the timing of the f0 peak relative to the consonant and vowel intervals of the associated syllable. According to the extensive transcription-based literature on the language, this contrast is limited to "long" syllables (those with a long vowel or coda), and to short word-final syllables. In this study, these claims are tested in two production studies. As in other languages, the timing of f0 peaks was found to be sensitive to the duration of the onset-vowel interval in the high-toned syllable, with longer onset-vowel duration associated with a later f0 peak. The late high tones were found to have a significantly greater peak delay than early high tone, but only in long syllables with a long vowel or diphthong. Short syllables had early high tone (shorter peak delay) in sentence-final words, but word position had no effect. The results suggest that the phenomenon that previous studies have described in terms of the distribution of falling tones is better seen as a phonetic effect of phrasal position on f0 peak timing, as has been observed in languages such as English, Spanish, and Serbian. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Market category legitimation   Legitimacy threshold   Heterogeneity   Covert prototype differentiation   Suppressed competition  

摘要： The literature on market category formation provides insufficient insights into how entrepreneurs address the need for collective legitimation of a market category while simultaneously managing tensions between heterogeneous practices. Through a study of the Autism@Work market category, this article shows that covert prototype differentiation constitutes a distinct construct that explains how entrepreneurs in heterogeneous market categories can strengthen category legitimacy while supporting the practices that they perceive as appropriate, without triggering conflicts related to category heterogeneity. The article also provides insights into how market category legitimacy is perceived by entrepreneurs and the antecedents and implications of such perceptions.

关键词： Aggressiveness   Dairy cattle   Maternal behavior   Responsiveness   Commercial farm  

摘要： Our objective was to evaluate the reliability of five methods with predefined behavioral categories and qualitative behavior assessment (QBA) as potential indicators of maternal protective behavior of Holstein-Gyr crossbred dairy cows immediately after calving. Behaviors of 88 cows were recorded during the first handling of the cow-calf dyad (usually 30?60 min postpartum) for navel disinfection and identification. Methods with predefined behavioral categories were: maternal protective score (MPS), ranging from 1 (indifferent) to 6 (aggressive);displacement (DIS, from 1 to 5);agitation (AGI, 1?4);aggressiveness (AGG, 1?3);and attention (ATT, 1?3). For the QBA assessment, a visual analog scale was used to quantify 13 terms. This study involved two observer groups: Group 1 was 10 observers applying methods with predefined behavioral categories, whereas Group 2 was8 observers applying QBA. Each observer participated in three evaluation sessions, assessing the same 20 videos three times over 15 d. Intra- and inter-observer reliabilities were calculated by the Kappa coefficient (k) or Kendall coefficient (W) for predefined scores and QBA, respectively. For methods with predefined behavioral categories, intra-observer reliability (k) of 10 observers ranged from moderate to almost perfect (0.50 to 0.87, 0.50 to 0.75, 0.74?1.00, 0.50 to 0.86 and 0.57 to 0.86 for MPS, AGI, AGG, ATT, and DIS, respectively), whereas inter-observer reliability (k) of nine observers ranged from slight to perfect compared to a ?gold? evaluator, with ATT score having a lower k (0.34 to 0.72), and AGG having a higher k (0.46?1.00). For QBA, intra-observer reliability ranged from strong to very strong for Principal Component (PC) PC1 (W = 0.71 to 0.89), PC2 (W = 0.74 to 0.90) and PC3 (W = 0.63 to 0.84). Inter-observer reliability ranged from strong to very strong for PC1 (W = 0.70;0.70 and 0.73;within evaluations 1, 2 and 3, respectively), PC2 (W = 0.71;072 and 0.77), and PC3 (W = 0.55;0.54 and 0.73)

摘要： We prove that commutative algebras in braided tensor categories do not admit faithful Hopf algebra actions unless they come from group actions. We also show that a group action allows us to see the algebra as the regular algebra in the representation category of the acting group.

关键词： N400   predictive coding   semantic prediction potential (SPP)   semantic processing  

摘要： With strong and valid predictions, grasping a message is easy, whereas more demanding processing is required in the absence of robust expectations. We here demonstrate that brain correlates of the interplay between prediction and perception mechanisms in the understanding of meaningful sentences. Sentence fragments that strongly predict subsequent words induced anticipatory brain activity preceding the expected words;this potential was absent if context did not strongly predict subsequent words. Subjective reports of certainty about upcoming words and objective corpus-based measures correlated with the size of the anticipatory signal, thus establishing its status as a semantic prediction potential (SPP). Crucially, there was an inverse correlation between the SPP and the N400 brain response. The main cortical generators of SPP and N400 were found in inferior prefrontal cortex and posterior temporal cortex, respectively. Interestingly, sentence meaning was reflected by both measures, with additional category-specific sources of SPP5 and N400s falling into parieto-temporo-occipital (visual) and frontocentral (sensorimotor) areas for animal- and tool-related words, respectively. These results show that the well-known brain index of semantic comprehension, N400, has an antecedent with different brain localization but similar semantic discriminatory function. We discuss whether N400 dynamics may causally depend on mechanisms underlying SPP size and sources.