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关键词： 西方经济学   成本   基本范畴  

摘要： 西方经济学在现代经济学领域内属于十分重要的内容及组成部分,并且在整个经济学领域内占据重要的地位,因而加强西方经济学研究十分必要。在西方经济学的整体构成中,成本属于比较重要的一项因素,也是经济学研究中的重点内容,而西方经济学成本研究方面,对于成本范畴的确定属于关键的一个方面,需要相关研究人员对这一方面充分把握,以便更好进行西方经济学的研究,为社会经济发展提供理论基础。

关键词： 王世贞   气   范畴   文学思想  

摘要： 气,经历了从自然之气到文学之气的发展过程,逐渐成为了文学理论中一个重要的元范畴。王世贞论文重气,他不仅注重文学创作时的神气之合、调气之合、情气之合的内在性特征,还基于当时的文学发展环境,追求南北文气之合、江左之气和中原之气之合的外在性特征。文气之论不仅在王世贞的作品中得到体现,还成为他评论他人诗作的重要标准。以气论文,是认识王世贞文学思想的一个新维度,认识中晚明文学发展的新视角。

关键词： 古代文论   审美范畴   气象   意象   哲学  

摘要： 古典文论范畴气象根植于传统气论,但不由气论直接衍生,也不由文气论创造。受制于古汉语由单音词向复音词的历史演进,气与象各自的哲学意义均出现分化,具象性特征渐趋明显,气象由“气像”到气之象开启了向“特征之特征”这一语义的衍化过程,进而被古典诗文创作和批评所引进。气像论于唐渐入诗歌理论,于宋臻于兴盛,最终由哲学理论演变为表示诗歌审美空间或审美形象的审美品格的代称,并在情景交融之作与纯粹论理之作中产生了用法的分化。

关键词： GLS-代数   奇点范畴   倾斜对象  

摘要： 设H是GLS-代数,Dsg(mod^ZH)是其有限维Z-分次H-模的奇点范畴.本文证明了Dsg(mod^ZH)存在倾斜对象,从而Dsg(mod^ZH)三角等价于某个代数投射模的有界同伦范畴.

关键词： 原型   范畴   一带一路   对外汉语教学   词汇教学  

摘要： 原型理论是认知心理学的重要概念,它是人类构建认知范畴的核心参照点,具有语境依赖性,受到个人认知模型和集体文化模型的影响。原型理论对外语教学具有指导意义,在面向“一带一路”国家留学生的汉语教学实践中,需留意学生的母语文化对其汉语习得产生的影响。具体到词汇教学上,原型理论可在构建文字—意义—读音的关联、厘清词汇范畴边界及原型差异、梳理多义词各义项关系等方面起到积极作用,有效促进语言与文化深度融合教学模式的发展。

关键词： 编码模式   否定性无定代词   “亡”   组并理据   焦点理据  

摘要： 上古汉语的否定范畴有两种编码模式:由否定副词和否定动词表现出的直接编码和由否定性无定代词表现出的混合编码。后者的核心,即否定性无定代词可以归并为一个“亡”。其来源于否定性存在动词“亡”,产生的源构式是“亡+不若”,动因是组并理据和焦点理据的竞争,时间是殷商时代。汉代以后,因为汉语语音系统调整和表达方式的变化而衰落消失。

关键词： 词条   工具语言   “事物”   语义变化   语义范畴  

摘要： 纵观语言的历时性发展进程,在一般语境下,语义层面所呈现出的扩大、缩小或转移是极其自然的现象。而一旦把"一般语境"这一前提替换为辞书的"工具词汇(meta language)"时,则必须要考虑其语义范畴的界定问题,因为这关乎到其他词条的释义。据此,本文试图对《标准国语大辞典》所收词条"事物"的各个义项的分析,以考察其各个义项在用作"工具词汇"时的反映程度,旨在强调辞典应有必要进一步明确这类工具词汇的语义范畴。

关键词： Spatial analysis   Local autocorrelation   LICD   Join-count statistics   Regular and irregular lattice  

摘要： Global and local analyses of spatial autocorrelation are commonplace in spatial archaeology. However, they are exclusively focused on continuous numerical parameters, even though logical (presence/absence) and categorical parameters are equally frequent in archaeological research. Global tests of spatial dependence for categorical data are routinely used in other fields, and local versions of these tests (known as LICD) have recently been developed. This paper provides a detailed description of such methods, and presents the first adaptation and application of LICD to archaeological data. Different LICD versions have been tested on two case-studies: (a) an archaeological grid, with object presence or absence recorded for each cell;(b) Historic Landscape Characterisation, with the origin of character types (mediaeval, post-mediaeval or modern) recorded for each region. These examples seek to showcase and promote the use of LICD in landscape and intra-site archaeology.

摘要： Males enjoy physical performance advantages over females within competitive sport. The sex-based segregation into male and female sporting categories does not account for transgender persons who experience incongruence between their biological sex and their experienced gender identity. Accordingly, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) determined criteria by which a transgender woman may be eligible to compete in the female category, requiring total serum testosterone levels to be suppressed below 10 nmol/L for at least 12 months prior to and during competition. Whether this regulation removes the male performance advantage has not been scrutinized. Here, we review how differences in biological characteristics between biological males and females affect sporting performance and assess whether evidence exists to support the assumption that testosterone suppression in transgender women removes the male performance advantage and thus delivers fair and safe competition. We report that the performance gap between males and females becomes significant at puberty and often amounts to 10-50% depending on sport. The performance gap is more pronounced in sporting activities relying on muscle mass and explosive strength, particularly in the upper body. Longitudinal studies examining the effects of testosterone suppression on muscle mass and strength in transgender women consistently show very modest changes, where the loss of lean body mass, muscle area and strength typically amounts to approximately 5% after 12 months of treatment. Thus, the muscular advantage enjoyed by transgender women is only minimally reduced when testosterone is suppressed. Sports organizations should consider this evidence when reassessing current policies regarding participation of transgender women in the female category of sport.

关键词： Clinical performance   Copper intrauterine device   Levonorgestrel intrauterine system   Medical residents   Nurses   Physicians  

摘要： Objective We evaluated clinical performance when the TCu380A intrauterine device (IUD) and the levonorgestrel (LNG) 52-mg intrauterine system (IUS) were inserted by different categories of healthcare professionals. Methods A retrospective study was conducted at the University of Campinas, Brazil. The medical records were reviewed of all women in whom an IUD was inserted between January 1980 and December 2018, with data for at least 1 year, and for whom information on the healthcare provider who inserted the device was available. Results Overall, 19 132 (76.9%) IUD and 5733 (23.1%) LNG-IUS insertions were included, with residents/interns performing 13 853 (55.8%), nurses 7024 (28.2%), and physicians 3988 (16.0%). Removals for pregnancy and infection were significantly higher when physicians inserted the device, while removals for bleeding/pain and other medical reasons were more common when nurses performed the insertion. Expulsion and removals for personal reasons were similar for all three categories. Conclusion Clinical outcomes were similar regardless of whether trained nurses, residents/interns, or physicians inserted the device, and were irrespective of users' age and parity. These results could stimulate other healthcare services, particularly in regions where there is a shortage of physicians, to invest in training nurses to perform insertions of IUDs.