学科服务 更多>>

关键词： Blood management   Plasma   Platelets   Anemia   Neoplasms  

摘要： Background: Better understanding of blood usage rates could identify trends in transfusion practices over time and inform more efficient management. Methods: Inpatient admissions from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample and State Inpatient Databases were analyzed for packed red blood cell (PRBC), plasma, platelet, and whole blood (WB) transfusions. The transfusion rates per admission and per prevalent case were calculated. Prevalence estimates were from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study (GBD). Results: From 2000 to 2014, blood usage rates for most causes peaked around 2010. Across all causes, PRBC were the most commonly transfused component, followed by plasma, platelets, and WB. However, the relative use of each type varied by cause. Nutritional deficiencies (1.75 blood product units across all components per admission;95 % uncertainty interval (UI) 1.62?1.87), neoplasms (0.95;0.87?1.04), and injuries (0.92;0.86 ? 0.98) had the greatest blood use per admission. Cardiovascular diseases (96.9 units per 1000 prevalent cases;89.3?105.0) and neoplasms (92.7 units per 1000 prevalent cases;84.3?101.5) had the greatest blood use per prevalent case. Across all admissions, over three million blood units were saved in 2014 compared to 2011 due to transfusing at a reduced rate. Conclusions: Blood transfusion rates decreased from 2011 to 2014 in the United States. This decline occurred in most disease categories, which points towards broad strategies like patient blood management systems and disease specific improvements like changes in surgical techniques being effective.

关键词： COVID-19 pneumonia   Down syndrome   Immune dysregulation   Immune activation  

摘要： We report two cases of Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) in patients with Down Syndrome (DS) and describe the identification, diagnosis, clinical course and management of the infection. Down Syndrome, which is caused by trisomy 21, is characterized by immune dysregulation, anatomical differences in the upper respiratory tract and higher rate of comorbidities. All these risk factors can contribute to more severe clinical presentations of COVID-19 in this population. It is essential to raise awareness of the clinical relevance of SARS-COV-2 infection in DS patients, as well as in other most vulnerable patients, in order to improve their management and treatment and to encourage vaccinating these individuals early, once a vaccination is available. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.

关键词： Human reliability analysis   Simulator data   Performance variability   SACADA   HuREX   Bayesian inference  

摘要： The models adopted in Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) characterize personnel tasks and performance conditions via categories of task and influencing factors (e.g. task types and Performance Shaping Factors, PSF). These categories cover the variability of the operational tasks and conditions affecting performance, and of the associated Human Error Probability (HEP). However, variability exists as well within such categories, for example because of the different scenarios and plants in which data is collected, as well as of the operating crew differences (within-category and crew-to-crew variability). This paper presents a Bayesian model to mathematically aggregate simulator data to estimate failure probabilities, explicitly accounting for the specific tasks, scenarios, plants and crew behavior variability, within a given "constellation" (i.e. combination) of task and factor categories. The general aim of the proposed work is to provide future HRA with reference data with stronger empirical basis for failure probability values, both for their nominal values as well as for their variability and uncertainty. Numerical applications with both artificially-generated data and real simulator data are provided to demonstrate the effects of modelling variability in HEP estimates, to avoid potential overconfidence and biases. The applicability of the proposed model to ongoing simulator data collection programs is also investigated.

关键词： Other-race effect   Face perception   Category formation   Perceptual narrowing   Infants   Statistical learning  

摘要： Prior research has reported developmental change in how infants represent categories of other-race faces (Developmental Science 19 (2016) 362-371). In particular, Caucasian 6-month-olds were shown to represent African versus Asian face categories, whereas Caucasian 9 month-olds represented different classes of other-race faces in one category, inclusive of African and Asian faces but exclusive of Caucasian faces. The current investigation sought to provide stronger evidence that is convergent with these findings by asking whether infants will generalize looking-time responsiveness from one to another other-race category. In Experiment 1, an experimental group of Caucasian 6-month-olds was familiarized with African (or Asian) faces and then given a novel category preference test with an Asian (or African) face versus a Caucasian face, while a control group of Caucasian 6-month-olds viewed the test faces without prior familiarization. Infants in the experimental group divided attention between the test faces and infants in the control group did not manifest a spontaneous preference. Experiment 2 used the same procedure, but was conducted with Caucasian 9-month-olds. Infants in the experimental group displayed a robust preference for Caucasian faces when considered against the finding that infants in the control group displayed a spontaneous preference for other-race faces. The results offer confirmation that between 6 and 9 months, infants transition to representing own-race versus other-race face categories, with the latter inclusive of multiple other-race face classes with clear perceptual differences. Computational modeling of infant responding suggests that the developmental change is rooted in the statistics of experience with majority versus minority group faces.

关键词： Migration   refuge   borders   identity   discourses   politics  

摘要： Since the publication of the paper 'Bordering, Ordering and Othering' by Henk van Houtum and Ton van Naerssen (2002), there has been an increase of complexity and diversification of borders and border-making practices while at the same time one can observe an unprecedented development of research on these phenomena from a multitude of disciplinary perspectives. By revisiting the text, I will discuss three main comments referring to bordering categories, bordering practices and bordering self in the wider field of migration. The growing ambiguity of borders is once more underlined, but more importantly, these comments flesh out some of the far-reaching profundities as well as political powers and new relevance which borders and practices of bordering have gained.

关键词： Action research   teacher research < Research methodology   Achievement gap < Struggling learners   Assessment   Standardized < Assessment   English for speakers of other languages < Language learners   English language learners   English learners   English as a second language   First   second   etc.   culture (C1   C2   etc.) < Language learners   First   second   etc.   language (L1   L2   etc.) < Language learners   Historical < Research methodology   Language learners   Legislation   mandates < Policy   Linguistics < Theoretical perspectives   Multilingualism < Language learners   Program evaluation < Strategies   methods   and materials   Policy   Qualitative < Research methodology   Second‐language learning < Language learners   Socioeconomic factors < Family literacy   Sociocultural < Theoretical perspectives   Socioeconomic < Theoretical perspectives   Standards < Policy   1‐Early childhood   2‐Childhood   3‐Early adolescence   4‐Adolescence  

摘要： The use of terms such as English as a second language and English learner has negative consequences for teaching, learning, policy, and research.

关键词： rating scales   verbalization   polarity   middle category   composite reliability   gender roles   group differences   online surveys  

摘要： Verbal rating scale polarity and verbalizations of the middle category that do not match the polarity in agreement rating scales were investigated. Two randomized web survey experiments were conducted using a probability panel of German Internet users. The classical bipolar "disagree/agree" verbalization was compared with the unipolar "do not agree/agree" alternative. In both experiments, attitudes on gender roles were measured using a different number of rating scale categories (seven vs. five) in each. After controlling for variables related to satisficing, biases were lowest with the unipolar "do not agree/agree" rating scale in which the verbalization of the middle category was also unipolar. Reliability decreased when the verbalization of the middle category did not suit the rating scale polarity. Researchers should pay attention to the polarity of rating scales and use verbalization of the middle category consistent with the rating scale polarity.

关键词： Cluster tilting   Exact category   Homological algebra   Singularity category   Triangulated category  

摘要： For an exact category E with enough projectives and with a dZ-cluster tilting subcategory, we show that the singularity category of E admits a dZ-cluster tilting subcategory. To do this we introduce cluster tilting subcategories of left triangulated categories, and we show that there is a correspondence between cluster tilting subcategories of E and E. We also deduce that the Gorenstein projectives of E admit a dZ-cluster tilting subcategory under some assumptions. Finally, we compute the dZ-cluster tilting subcategory of the singularity category for a finite-dimensional algebra which is not Iwanaga-Gorenstein.

关键词： Estradiol   Estrogen   Sex difference   Spatial memory   Category adjustment model   Location   Categorical cues   Coordinate cues   Metric cues  

摘要： Recent work has suggested that sex differences may exist in the strategies or types of cues that are utilized by men and women to remember discrete spatial locations or routes through a visual environment. The current study investigated the effects of circulating estradiol levels in women on the relative weighting of categorical versus fine-grained 'metric' information in a test of short-term memory for spatial locations, either presented within a simple geometric surround (a circular enclosure) or within more visually complex landscape scenes. Patterns of displacement error in the point location estimates made by men and women were analyzed. Results confirmed a sex difference in the weighting of metric versus categorical cues. Relative to men, women's estimates of locations were more strongly biased toward the center of the surrounding category (i.e., toward the category 'prototype'). Furthermore, objective measures of estradiol via saliva collected at the time of memory testing showed that, among naturally-cycling women, estradiol concentrations correlated in a positive, graded, fashion with the degree of emphasis that women placed on categorical information when estimating point locations. No associations were found for progesterone. These findings are consistent with a wider body of research showing that biological sex and reproductive hormone levels, including 17 beta-estradiol, can subtly influence performance on certain spatial tasks. This is the first study to show that circulating estradiol levels may influence the relative emphasis placed on categorical versus metric cues when remembering simple point locations.

关键词： Torsion theory   Pretorsion theory   Ideal of morphisms  

摘要： We present a setting for the study of torsion theories in general categories. The idea is to associate, with any pair (T, F) of full replete subcategories in a category C, the corresponding full subcategory Z = T boolean AND F of trivial objects in C. The morphisms which factor through Z are called Z-trivial, and these form an ideal of morphisms, with respect to which one can define Z-prekernels, Z-precokernels, and short Z-preexact sequences. This naturally leads to the notion of pretorsion theory, which is the object of study of this article, and includes the classical one in the abelian context when Z is reduced to the 0-object of C. We study the basic properties of pretorsion theories, and examine some new examples in the category of all endomappings of finite sets and in the category of preordered sets. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.