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关键词： Congenital hypothyroidism   Incidence   Diagnostic categories   Malformations  

摘要： Purpose The incidence of primary congenital hypothyroidism (CH) has grown progressively and literature data indicate an association between CH and congenital malformations. The purpose of this study is to establish the current incidence of CH in the Italian Region of Piedmont and verify the relationship between CH diagnostic categories and associated malformations. Methods The biochemical and clinical data of 105 newborns with CH diagnosed in the period January 2014 to December 2019 were analyzed. Results The incidence of CH in the Italian Piedmont region in the 2014-2019 period increased to 1:1090. Thyroid dysgenesis was responsible for 47.6% (50/105) of all cases, with agenesis in 14.3% (15/105), while ectopia and hypoplasia in 23.8% (25/105) and 9.5% (10/105) of the cases, respectively;dyshormonogenesis defects were found in 52.4% (55/105) of cases. Congenital extra-thyroid anomalies were identified in 33/105 (31.4%) of newborns with CH and mainly involve the cardiac system (17/85, 16.1%), urogenital tract (7/85, 6.7%), gastrointestinal tract (5/105, 4.8%), and the musculoskeletal system (5/105, 4.8%). The highest rate of malformations was observed in patients with thyroid agenesis and dyshormonogenesis, respectively, in 53.5% and 36.4% of cases, while in the presence of thyroid ectopia and hypoplasia, the rate was 12% and 20%, respectively,(p = 0.03). Conclusion In the Italian region of Piedmont, the incidence of primary CH has been increased over time, with a variation in the percentage of the different forms of CH. Congenital malformations, especially affecting the cardiovascular, urogenital, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems, seem to be mainly associated with thyroid agenesis or defects in hormonogenesis.

关键词： Weakly supervised learning   Automated surface inspection   Defect detection   Knowledge distillation  

摘要： Large-scale data with human annotations is of crucial importance for training deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) to ensure stable and reliable performance. However, accurate annotations, such as bounding box and pixel-level annotations, demand expensive labeling effort s, which has prevented wide application of DCNN in industries. Focusing on the problem of surface defect detection, this paper proposes a weakly supervised learning method named Category-Aware object Detection network (CADN) to tackle the dilemma. CADN is trained with image tag annotations only and performs image classification and defect localization simultaneously. The weakly supervised learning is achieved by extracting category aware spatial information in a classification pipeline. CADN could be equipped with either a lighter or a larger backbone network as the feature extractor resulting in better real-time performance or higher accuracy. To address the two conflicting objectives simultaneously, both of which are significant concerns in industrial applications, knowledge distillation strategy is adopted to force the learned features of a lighter CADN to mimic that of a larger CADN. Accordingly, the accuracy of the lighter CADN is improved while high real-time performance is maintained. The proposed approach is verified on our own defect dataset as well as on an open-source defect dataset. As demonstrated, satisfied performance is achieved by the proposed method, which could meet industrial requirements completely. Meanwhile, the method minimizes human effort s involved in image labelling, thus promoting the applications of DCNN in industries. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Endangered species act   Freshwater mussel   Land-use change   Markov chain Monte Carlo   Multispecies assessment   Ordinal regression  

摘要： Many at-risk species lack standardized surveys across their range or quantitative data capable of detecting demographic trends. As a result, extinction risk assessments often rely on ordinal categories of risk based on explicit criteria or expert elicitation. This study demonstrates a Bayesian approach to assessing extinction risk based on this common data structure, using three freshwater mussel species being considered for listing under the US Endangered Species Act. The probability that a population is classified under each risk category was modeled as a function of projected landscape change using ordered probit regression, assuming observed categories reflect a latent, continuous probability of persistence. All three species were more likely than not (mean probability >0.5) to be classified as extirpated or low condition throughout their range based on effects of urban development and hydrologic alteration. Spatial variation in estimates revealed strongholds and high-risk areas relevant to conservation decision making. Projected change in probabilities of each risk category based on multiple land-use and climate models was generally small relative to high baseline risk resulting from past landscape changes. Assessing extinction risk based on probabilities of ordinal condition as a function of landscape patterns may provide a flexible and robust approach for many at-risk taxa by adjusting species' demographic criteria to match relative risk categories, following standardized criteria, or using expert elicitation for data-deficient species. This approach provides decision makers with a useful measure of uncertainty around ordinal classifications and provides a framework for estimating future risk based on projections of anthropogenic stressors.

关键词： autoregressive models   intergenerational exchanges   lagged response models   longitudinal data   unequal spacing  

摘要： Exchanges of practical or financial help between people living in different households are a major component of intergenerational exchanges within families and an increasingly important source of support for individuals in need. Using longitudinal data, bivariate dynamic panel models can be applied to study the effects of changes in individual circumstances on help given to and received from non-coresident parents and the reciprocity of exchanges. However, the use of a rotating module for collection of data on exchanges leads to data where the response measurements are unequally spaced and taken less frequently than for the time-varying covariates. Existing approaches to this problem focus on fixed effects linear models for univariate continuous responses. We propose a random effects estimator for a family of dynamic panel models that can handle continuous, binary or ordinal multivariate responses. The performance of the estimator is assessed in a simulation study. A bivariate probit dynamic panel model is then applied to estimate the effects of partnership and employment transitions in the previous year and the presence and age of children in the current year on an individual's propensity to give or receive help. Annual data on respondents' partnership, employment status and dependent children, and data on exchanges of help collected at 2- and 5-year intervals are used in this study.

关键词： eWOM   Extreme ratings   Review helpfulness   Hotel attributes   Hotel category   Text analytics  

摘要： Online reviews have become irreplaceable product/service information for many consumers. However, not all consumer reviews are deemed to be helpful. Drawing upon expectation-confirmation theory and the attribute-based model of consumer decision-making, this study investigates the role of service attributes and the moderating role of service category in the prediction of extremely positive and extremely negative ratings helpfulness. This study uses latent semantic analysis and regression analysis using a sample of 490 extremely negative and 3757 extremely positive ratings of hotels from ***. Results show that some product attributes discussed in consumer reviews are particularly important in the determination of the helpfulness of consumer reviews associated with extreme ratings. Findings also suggest the moderating role of service category (i.e. hotel stars) in the relationship between hotel attributes and extreme ratings helpfulness. This study stresses the importance of service attributes and classification in the evaluation of extremely positive and extremely negative ratings helpfulness. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

关键词： COVID-19   Disability   Intra-categorical analysis   Race   ethnicity   Poverty  

摘要： Background: While recent reports suggest that people with disabilities (PwDs) are likely to be adversely impacted by COVID-19 and face multiple challenges, previous research has not examined if COVID-19 burdens are unequally distributed with respect to the disability characteristics of the U.S. population. Objective: This article presents the first national scale study of the relationship between COVID-19 incidence and disability characteristics in the U.S. The objective is to determine whether COVID-19 incidence is significantly greater in counties containing higher percentages of socio-demographically disadvantaged PwDs, based on race, ethnicity, poverty status, age, and biological sex. Methods: This study integrates county-level data on confirmed COVID-19 cases from the Johns Hopkins Center for Systems Science and Engineering database with multiple disability variables from the 2018 American Community Survey. Statistical analyses are based on bivariate correlations and multivariate generalized estimating equations that consider spatial clustering in the data. Results: Greater COVID-19 incidence rate is significantly associated with: (1) higher percentages of PwDs who are Black, Asian, Hispanic, Native American, below poverty, under 18 years of age, and female;and (2) lower percentages of PwDs who are non-Hispanic White, above poverty, aged 65 or more years, and male, after controlling for spatial clustering. Conclusions: Socio-demographically disadvantaged PwDs are significantly overrepresented in counties with higher COVID-19 incidence compared to other PwDs. These findings represent an important starting point for more detailed investigation of the disproportionate impacts of COVID-19 on PwDs and highlight the urgent need for COVID-19 data collection systems to incorporate disability information. (c) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Turn-taking   Dialogue cooperation   Metapragmatic awareness   Metapragmatic explicitation  

摘要： The purpose of the present study is to examine the developmental route of conversation rules awareness and its violation in 4-10-year olds typically developing children, to identify age-matched developmental sequences and identify variables that influence this pragmatic developmental component. Evidence of adequate pragmatic functioning can be found in preschool children. However, only at older ages (before and during school) children exhibit a higher awareness of conversational rules and exhibit a metapragmatic ability to explicitly reflect knowledge of pragmatic behaviors and laws during a conversation (Collins et al., 2014). Metapragmatic awareness of conversational rules violations was examined in 75 typically developing children using seven short video conversations between children, including two conversational categories (Turn-taking mechanism and Dialogue cooperation), followed by four explicitly ascending metapragmatic questions. A positive correlation between age and performance in the metapragmatic awareness task was found. Furthermore, the metapragmatic performance was better in all age groups for Turn-taking mechanism category videos over Dialogue cooperation skills category. Finally, two different developmental trajectories trends were observed regarding the conversational categories. The current study supports the idea that awareness of both categories is age-dependent and highlights the importance of the different effect conversational categories have. We suggest that these categories presumably have a different developmental route in typically developing children and offer possible explanations. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： AUS   FLUS   malignancy risk   subclassification   Thy3a   thyroid FNA  

摘要： Introduction Thy3a (AUS/FLUS) is an indeterminate and heterogeneous category in thyroid cytology. Thy3a reporting rates vary widely, with many laboratories documenting overuse. Subclassification of Thy3a helps with risk stratification. We aimed to investigate whether subclassification can also help address Thy3a overuse. We compare the UK reporting system with other terminologies. Methods An audit of thyroid fine needle aspirations (FNAs) reported at our institution between 2012 and 2017 was performed. Thy3a FNAs followed by histology were reviewed and subcategorised into four subgroups: Scanty Atypia (SA), Scanty Microfollicular (SMF), Favour Benign (FB) and Thyroiditis versus Neoplasm (TVN). Review and subclassification were blinded to histology outcomes. FNAs were correlated with histology and statistical analysis was performed. Results Our Thy3a rate was high (24% of all thyroid FNAs). For 336 Thy3a FNAs with histology, the malignancy rates of the four subgroups were: SA 68%, SMF 20%, FB 4%, TVN 31%. There were significant associations between subgroup and malignancy risk, and between subgroup and tumour risk. On histology, SA had more malignancies than expected and FB had fewer. SA and SMF had more tumours than expected and FB had fewer. SMF and Thy3f FNAs were similar in terms of tumour and malignancy outcomes. Conclusions Subclassification of Thy3a FNAs into these four subgroups is recommended. This can improve risk stratification and help address overuse of Thy3a. We propose that some FB and SMF cases could be safely diverted to Thy2 and Thy3f respectively. We compare various reporting terminologies and question how indeterminate FNAs should be classified.

关键词： Breast neoplasms   Diagnosis   Magnetic resonance imaging  

摘要： Purpose: Category 4 in BI-RADS for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a wide range of probabilities of malignancy, extending from > 2 to < 95%. We classified category 4 lesions into three subcategories and analyzed the positive predictive value (PPV) of malignancy in a tertiary hospital. Materials and methods: This retrospective study included 346 breast MRIs with 434 category 2–5 lesions. All enhancing lesions were classified as category 2 (0% probability of malignancy), 3 (> 0%, ≤ 2%), 4 (> 2%, < 95%) and 5 (≥ 95%);category 4 lesions were further subcategorized into 4A (> 2%, ≤ 10%), 4B (> 10%, ≤ 50%) and 4C (> 50%, < 95%) at the time of diagnosis. Radiological and pathological reports were retrospectively analyzed, and the PPVs were calculated. Results: We included 149 malignant and 285 benign lesions. The PPVs of subcategories 4A, 4B and 4C were 1.8%, 11.8% and 67.5%, respectively. The PPVs were higher for lesions coexisting with category 5 or 6 lesions compared with those for isolated lesions. Conclusion: Category 4 lesions can be classified into three subcategories depending on the likelihood of malignancy. Lesions coexisting with category 5 or 6 lesions are more likely to be malignant. © 2020, Japan Radiological Society.

摘要： Editorial Comment from Dr Martini et al. to Independent external validation of a nomogram to define risk categories for a significant decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate after robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy Independent external validation of a nomogram to define risk categories for a significant decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate after robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy. Defining risk categories for a significant decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate after robotic partial nephrectomy: implications for patient follow-up. [Extracted from the article]