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关键词： 转折关系   关系语义范畴   语义属性   语义特征   语言表征  

摘要： 作为一种关系语义范畴,转折关系是语言表达中的一种基本语义关系,而转折关系范畴的研究引起越来越多专家和学者的关注。学界对于转折关系鲜有范畴化的研究,更多的是侧重在转折复句或转折连词、转折副词等有转折关联功能的具体形式方面的专项探讨,多年来取得了丰硕的成果,为转折语义关系研究奠定了扎实的基础。但目前的研究仍不全面,对于很多问题的解释还是停留在表面,尤其关于转折语义关系,主要的认识多是集中在转折关系前后项之间的“相反或对立”,即使已经触及到逻辑角度的研究,也将逻辑语义关系作为研究语义关系的基础来展开,对转折关系的本质属性却始终未能真正探究,无法全面地认识转折关系范畴。因此,本文选择以关系语义范畴为出发点,从逻辑上确立转折关系的语义本质属性,发现转折关系的逻辑语义基础,基于转折关系的逻辑本质,找出其语义特征的核心;在转折关系语义范畴的基础上,概括出转折关系语义的表现形式及特征,以及如何实现其话语表达,在整体立场上对转折关系进行全面考察。全文的主要内容包括:第1章为绪论部分,主要从本文的选题背景,研究内容、研究意义、研究方法、理论背景及语料说明等方面展开。第2章为研究综述,简要回顾并概括转折关系范畴的国内外研究现状,根据现有研究的不同角度,对转折关系语言表达格式、逻辑角度、认知加工等方面的研究进行梳理,发现以往研究中对转折关系的解释并不充分及全面,因此,从关系语义范畴着手,并根据转折关系范畴的基本内涵,从不同角度了解转折关系范畴的成因及表现,从而为后文的深入研究奠定基础。第3章至第6章为本文的核心章节,从整体的关系语义范畴出发,根据转折关系的逻辑语义基础,概括其语义特征,通过典型的转折关联词语共性及差异的考察,对其语言表征进行描写,同时对转折关系的认知语用加工等方面进行阐述,说明转折语义关系的话语实现,从整体上考察转折关系。各章的具体内容如下:第3章是对转折关系逻辑语义本质属性的探究。要真正地认识转折关系,需要从其语义关系范畴的角度,发现转折关系的逻辑语义基础,来阐释转折关系的性质和特征。通过其逻辑语义基础的研究发现,以往研究将转折关系的语义基础确定为前后两项的“对立或相反”关系,而通过具体例句的分析,有时转折关系的前后两项并非可直接进行比较来形成对立的情况,那么,转折关系是怎么形成的呢?通过这一问题的分析可知,转折关系并非简单的前后两项间的对立或相反关系,而是蕴含否定。从命题逻辑的角度,转折关系前后项为联言命题,因此,转折关系的逻辑本质即为蕴含命题的否命题:并非p→q(即p∧﹁q)。第4章为转折关系范畴的语义特征。从逻辑角度出发,通过对转折关系逻辑基础的研究,找到转折关系的语义属性,即蕴含命题的否定,以此为基础,概括出转折关系的语义特征,即否定蕴含关系的存在,也就是说,表达逻辑的否命题是其基础核心,围绕这一核心,转折关系语义表现出相对性特征、“逆理”性特征和补充性特征。第5章主要是从转折关系范畴的语义特征出发,归纳并概括转折关系的语言表征。转折关系需要通过具体的语言表达格式加以实现,而转折关联词语的使用是其语义关系体现的最直接标志。转折关联词语的共同语义特征就是词语所含的“转折义”,在转折关系的逻辑基础上,通过本身词语的词性特征,如连词特征、副词特征等,结合代表性转折关联词语的具体用法,从共性扩展至其个性,标示语句的转折关系。第6章是转折关系的话语实现。交际过程中,交际双方在获取到对方传递的信息后,识别出信息中的转折关系逻辑语义属性,即蕴含否定的存在,通过认知语境中所含信息与话语所含信息的相互作用,再凭借交际双方大脑中的认知经验,经过语言转换,将两个关联性最低的事件加以整合,并且根据语法规则,充分利用语言表征,如话语标记的使用及话语意义系统的扩充和接收,促成交际双方最终实现交际目的。最后是全文的结语部分。概括全文研究内容及重点,总结转折语义关系的逻辑属性,以及在此基础上形成的语义特征及语表特征,进行归纳,并对转折关联词语进行共性及个性的考察,通过对其认知语用加工的分析,完成话语的实现。最后,指出本文的研究不足及尚待解决的问题。总之,本文的研究以探讨转折关系的本质属性为出发点,旨在解决转折关系中的根本性问题:到底什么是转折关系?转折关系产生的根源在哪儿?怎么表达转折关系?这一系列问题的答案根本在于对转折关系的语义逻辑实质的确立,即蕴含的否定:“并非(p→q)。

关键词： 组合范畴语法   被字句   把字句   逻辑语义  

摘要： “把”字句和“被”字句是汉语的语言学研究中的热点话题。“把”字句的问题主要集中在“把”字句的语义歧义和复杂的句法现象。而“被”字句的问题主要集中在长短被动句在句法上的不同表现。本文的目标任务是基于语言逻辑的视角,解决“把”字句和“被”字句的句法语义问题,即对汉语中的“把”字句和“被”字句,采用组合范畴语法CCG进行计算生成。当今汉语研究中,语言学界重视汉语语言现象的描述和解释,缺少理论层面的深入研究;逻辑学界仅仅关注自然语言规范的片段,而缺乏对自然语言真实文本的研究。通过对“把”字句和“被”字句的真实文本现象进行分析,得出“把”字句和“被”字句的逻辑语义。本文不认同语言学界对“把”字和“被”字的介词归类,而把它们的逻辑语义表征处理成类似命题态度动词那样的高阶谓词,据此不仅能通过计算生成符合“把”字句和“被”字句语法的句子,同时也能通过计算以阻止不符合语法的语句生成。本文的上述工作对计算机的自然语言识别和人工智能发展都有重要的启发和作用。

关键词： 书法   势   律   范畴  

摘要： 书法作为一种高雅的艺术,它的审美难点在于其美学价值定义的模糊,以至于人们常常徘徊在实用和艺术之间。书法艺术要走上更大的国际舞台,在理论上有细化和通俗化的必要。本文提出"势"是书法美学的根本要素,将书法从很多玄妙的概念中分离出来,利于从纷繁的书学体系中找到书法的本源,也能够使书学的体系更广泛地为国际艺术圈所认可,使得书法能够在更大的国际舞台展示它的魅力。此外,本文也对书法美学中存在的"律"与"势"进行了一些比较。

关键词： 巴尔干   意境地图   界线   空间   时间  

摘要： 本文以巴尔干为例,考察意境地图的研究范畴——界线、空间和时间,以历史遗产、"平凡化"等构想来回应尊德豪森在《作为历史空间的欧洲巴尔干》一文中的探讨和争论.

摘要： "Multiple Imputation with Principal Components for Non-Normal Categorical Data."Multivariate Behavioral Research, 56(1), pp. 165–166

关键词： Photocatalysis   g-C3N4-based nanocomposite materials   Interfacial charge separation   Energy conversion   Environmental remediation  

摘要： In recent years, heterogeneous photocatalysis using semiconductor and solar energy has gained a lot of attention owing to its potential applications in many fields such as the generation of renewable and sustainable hydrogen fuel, degradation of organic pollutants, and CO2 photoreduction. Due to its photochemical stability, fascinating electronic band structures, and effective light harvesting accompanied by suitable bandgap energy of 2.7 eV, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has been considered as a promising metal-free photocatalyst for solving the energy crisis and environmental problems. Nevertheless, due to the low-charge carrier mobility, and low surface area, its photocatalytic efficiency is limited. Because of its unique band structure, coupling it with a large bandgap semiconductor to produce a heterojunction composite offers a promising way to improve the charge separation, expand the surface area, and boost light absorption. For that, g-C3N4 as a robust photocatalyst together with numerous synthesis methods has been highlighted. Three primary systems of g-C3N4-based nanocomposites have been classified and summarized: namely metal oxides, sulfides, and ferrites. We have summarized the latest applications of g-C3N4/nanocomposites in solar energy conversion and environmental remediation. This review ends with an overview and several insights on the problems and future avenues in investigating advanced nanomaterials based on g-C3N4. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： body mass index   body size   height   observational research   prostate cancer  

摘要： Obesity is a risk factor for advanced, but not localised, prostate cancer (PCa), and for poor prognosis. However, the detection of localised PCa through asymptomatic screening might influence these associations. We investigated height and body mass index (BMI) among 431 902 men in five Swedish cohorts in relation to PCa risk, according to cancer risk category and detection mode, and PCa-specific mortality using Cox regression. Statistical tests were two-sided. Height was positively associated with localised intermediate-risk PCa (HR per 5 cm, 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05), while overweight and obesity were negatively associated with localised low- and intermediate-risk PCa (HRs per 5 kg/m(2), 0.86, 95% CI 0.81-0.90, and 0.92, 95% CI 0.88-0.97). However, these associations were partially driven by PCa's detected by asymptomatic screening and, for height, also by symptoms unrelated to PCa. The HR of localised PCa's, per 5 kg/m(2), was 0.88, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.92 for screen-detected PCa's and 0.96, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.01 for PCa's detected through lower urinary tract symptoms. BMI was positively associated with PCa-specific mortality in the full population and in case-only analysis of each PCa risk category (HRs per 5 kg/m(2), 1.11-1.22,Pfor heterogeneity = .14). More active health-seeking behaviour among tall and normal-weight men may partially explain their higher risk of localised PCa. The higher PCa-specific mortality among obese men across all PCa risk categories in our study suggests obesity as a potential target to improve the prognosis of obese PCa patients.

关键词： Integral   Cointegral   Quasi-Hopf algebra   Tensor category   Yetter-Drinfeld category   Module trace  

摘要： We discuss relations between some category-theoretical notions for a finite tensor category and cointegrals on a quasi-Hopf algebra. Specifically, for a finite-dimensional quasi-Hopf algebra H, we give an explicit description of categorical cointegrals of the category H M of left H-modules in terms of cointegrals on H. Provided that His unimodular, we also express the Frobenius structure of the 'adjoint algebra' in the Yetter-Drinfeld category H-H Y D by using an integral in Hand a cointegral on H. Finally, we give a description of the twisted module trace for projective H-modules in terms of cointegrals on H. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.

关键词： Classification   FN400   Inference   Reasoning   Sustained negativity  

摘要： Categorization involves forming equivalence classes of discriminable entities, whereas category-based induction (CBI) involves employing categorical knowledge to generalize novel properties. Previous studies have suggested either common or distinctive cognitive processing between categorization and CBI. However, no study has compared cognitive processes with the same stimuli sets using event-related potentials (ERPs), which help to determine the cognitive processes with a high temporal solution. In this study, we compared the ERP responses to categorization and CBI using two separate experiments (i.e., generic and specific conclusions), with the same task materials. Results from both experiments identified distinctive cognitive processing between categorization and CBI based on a greater proportion of "definitely" responses and smaller amplitudes of sustained negativity during categorization. These observations suggest that categorization involves decreased conflict monitoring and control than CBI under single-premise conditions. Contrastingly, categorization and CBI elicited similar FN400 amplitudes in both experiments, which suggests a common cognitive process between them. These findings present the common and distinctive cognitive processes between categorization and CBI.