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关键词： 以身喻心   概念隐喻   感觉隐喻   隐喻-世俗学  

摘要： 覃修桂和帖伊撰写的《以身喻心:感觉范畴概念隐喻的英汉对比研究》是第一本系统分析英汉语感觉范畴概念隐喻的专著。该书从体验哲学和认知语言学视角,系统考察了英汉两种语言中各感觉域概念的隐喻投射,比较了它们的共性与个性,概括了它们的投射范围,并探究了它们背后的认知理据。另外,该书提出建立一门新的学科——隐喻-世俗学,这在一定程度上拓宽了隐喻研究的视域,丰富了该研究领域的成果。

关键词： Working memory   Somatosensory   Adaptive coding   Categorization   Multivariate   fMRI  

摘要： Working memory (WM) representations are generally known to be influenced by task demands, but it is not clear whether this extends to the somatosensory domain. One way to investigate the influence of task demands is with categorization paradigms, wherein either a single stimulus or an associated category is maintained in WM. In the somatosensory modality, category representations have been identified in the premotor cortex (PMC) and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). In this study we used multivariate-pattern-analysis with human fMRI data to investigate whether the WM representations in the PMC, IPS or other regions are influenced by changing task demands. We ensured the task-dependent, categorical WM information was decorrelated from stimulus features by (1) teaching participants arbitrary, non-rule based stimulus groupings and (2) contrasting identical pairs of stimuli across experimental conditions, where either a single stimulus or the associated group was maintained in WM. Importantly, we also decoupled the decision and motor output from the WM representations. With these experimental manipulations, we were able to pinpoint stimulus-specific WM information to the left frontal and parietal cortices and context-dependent, group-specific WM information to the left IPS. By showing that grouped stimuli are represented more similarly in the Group condition than in the Stimulus condition, free from stimulus and motor output confounds, we provide novel evidence for the adaptive nature of somatosensory WM representations in the IPS with changing task-demands.

关键词： 专利伦理   道义论   功利论   科技伦理   法律伦理   经济伦理  

摘要： 专利法律制度作为促进与保护技术创新活动的一项特殊制度安排,虽与伦理分属于不同的学科框架,但其与伦理之间的联系涉及制度理论与运行实践的方方面面。从伦理学的基本概念与类型出发,无论是侧重于理论问题的规范伦理学,还是专注于实践问题的应用伦理学,都与专利制度存在一定的关联。一方面,在规范伦理学的思想框架中,“道义论”与“功利论”两种不同的规范伦理理论分别从不同的角度给予专利制度以伦理基础;另一方面,在应用伦理的路径下,科技伦理、法律伦理、经济伦理等应用伦理类型都与专利制度密切相关。

关键词： 公路工程   机械施工   问题   对策  

摘要： 交通行业是我国现代化建设发展中的重要基础,随着科学技术的进步,现代公路工程设备和技术不断完善,机械化的程度也不断提升。当前,公路工程建设施工中的机械作业已经成为主要形式,一些施工中存在很多问题,影响到机械施工的效率和质量,也影响到施工企业的经济效益。论文分析了当前公路工程机械施工中的问题,并就提升公路机械化施工水平及其管理措施进行了探讨。

关键词： 政府会计   现金流量表   现金范畴   现金流量分类  

摘要： 政府会计现金流量表编制过程中,对于现金范畴和现金流量分类的确认存在争议。本文针对财政应返还额度是否属于现金范畴、通过财政直接支付的款项是否确认现金流量、购买固定资产等支付的可抵扣增值税进项稅额是确认为"购买商品、接受劳务支付的现金"还是"购建固定资产、无形资产、公共基础设施支付的现金"、受托代理业务发生的现金流量是否计入现金流量表、收到预拨下年慶预算款项是否确认现金流入等问题,从政府会计现金流量表的作用、可比性、实质重于形式、重要性等不同角度进行了较为深入的探讨,并提出相关政策建议。

关键词： 高校校规   授权性校规   自治性校规   创制原则   司法审查  

摘要： 高校校规的制定权源于学术自由,但现代立法通常会赋予部分校规的制定权以行政权力的属性。在我国,学籍管理与学位授予类校规属于“授权性校规”,其他种类的校规属于“自治性校规”,前者具备抽象行政行为的属性,后者则具备格式条款的特质。二级学院关于学位授予的学术标准经过特定程序后可以被认定为校规。高校校规的创制应坚持法律保留、法律优先、狭义合法性,以及合理性与民主性原则。在司法审查方面,自治性校规不具备可诉性,授权性校规具备行政可诉性。直接改变在学关系的学籍管理类校规应适用程序审查与内容审查;不改变在学关系的学籍管理和学位授予类校规,其非学术性内容适用程序审查与内容审查,学术性内容仅适用程序审查。

关键词： 社会心态   宏观思想政治教育学   范畴  

摘要： 社会心态与宏观思想政治教育学所展现的宏观视野、整体关切、理论旨趣高度契合,因而可以成为宏观思想政治教育学的一个范畴。从实践逻辑上看,优化社会心态与宏观思想政治教育在目标追求、运行机制、方法路径等方面具有一致性。将社会心态作为宏观思想政治教育学的范畴,有利于提升宏观思想政治教育的有效性,有利于推进宏观思想政治教育学的建设。进一步推进宏观思想政治教育学范畴研究,可以从现有的思想政治教育理论研究成果中进行提炼,可以移植、借鉴其他学科的范畴。

关键词： 原型范畴理论   词汇教学  

摘要： 英语词汇的语义范畴具有多样性、层次性和变化性的特点。原型范畴理论是认知语言学的重要内容之一,本文从构词法、同义词、多义词、上下义词及词的搭配等方面探讨了原型范畴理论对学生英语词汇学习和大学英语词汇教学的指导意义,并进行了相应的实证研究。研究结果表明,原型范畴认知教学法能够激发学生对英语词汇学习的兴趣,扩大词汇量,增强学生学习动机,拓展词汇学习的广度和深度,继而提高大学英语词汇教学的有效性,为学生后续英语知识的学习打下坚实基础。

关键词： Composite variable   Inclusive modeling strategy   Multivariate imputation by chained equations   Passive imputation  

摘要： Purpose: Multiple imputation (MI) is a widely acceptable approach to missing data problems in epidemiological studies. Composite variables are often used to summarize information from multiple, correlated items. This study aims to assess and compare different MI methods for handling missing categorical composite variables. Methods: We investigate the problem in the context of a real application: estimating the prevalence of HIV transmission category, which is a composite variable generated by applying a hierarchical algorithm to a group of binary risk source variables from a national program data set. We use simulation studies to compare and assess the performance of alternative MI strategies. These methods include the active imputation, just another variable, and the passive imputation approaches. Results: Our study suggests that the passive imputation approach performs better than the direct imputation approach and the inclusive and general imputation model (i.e. passive imputation with interactions) performs the best. There is no need to embed the information from the variable-combining algorithm in the passive imputation modeling. Conclusion: We recommend practitioners adopting an inclusive and general passive imputation modeling strategy. Published by Elsevier Inc.

关键词： Pharmacovigilance   Post-market   Drug labeling   Adverse drug reactions   Regulatory  

摘要： Revisions of drug package inserts (PIs) may be made immediately after approval or after considerable clinical experience;however, it is unclear whether there is a relationship between the characteristics of these safety measures and the period since drug approval. Here, we analyzed 209 cases of safety measures (revisions of the PIs) taken in Japan over 5 years (FY2014 to FY2018). The median, minimum, and maximum period from approval date in Japan to PI revision date was 6.29 years (interquartile range 2.68-15.53 years), 0.16 years, and 59.69 years, respectively. The cases were classified into four groups depending on types of adverse reaction and therapeutic category in relation to the national approval date and international birth date, resulting in the grouping together of particular adverse reactions and therapeutic drugs. For example, "Hepatobiliary disorders", "Blood and lymphatic system disorders", "Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders", "Antineoplastics", "Chemotherapeutics", and "Other agents affecting metabolism" were associated with the group of safety measures taken early after approval of a drug soon after the international birth date, suggesting that careful attention at an earlier stage after approval is necessary for these adverse reactions and drugs. Understanding such features of PI revisions makes pharmacovigilance planning more appropriate, contributing to the implementation of rapid and proper safety measures after drug approval.