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关键词： Robotic palpation   Tactile sensing   Physical sensing   Sensory-motor coordination  

摘要： This paper proposes a framework to investigate the influence of physical interactions to sensory information, during robotic palpation. We embed a capacitive tactile sensor on a robotic arm to probe a soft phantom and detect and classify hard inclusions within it. A combination of PCA and K-Means clustering is used to: first, reduce the dimensionality of the spatiotemporal data obtained through the probing of each area in the phantom;second categorize the re-encoded data into a given number of categories. Results show that appropriate probing interactions can be useful in compensating for the quality of the data, or lack thereof. Finally, we test the proposed framework on a palpation scenario where a Support Vector Machine classifier is trained to discriminate amongst different types of hard inclusions. We show the proposed framework is capable of predicting the best-performing motion strategy, as well as the relative classification performance of the SVM classifier, solely based on unsupervised cluster analysis methods.

关键词： Cardiology   hypertension   diabetes & endocrinology   general diabetes   epidemiology   general medicine (see internal medicine)   nutrition & dietetics  

摘要： Objectives An increasing percentage of the US population is obese. Cardiometabolic risk in the population increases with body mass index (BMI), but whether this correlation changes over time is unknown. We analysed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 1999 to 2016 to determine if the prevalence of cardiometabolic disease and cardiovascular events within each BMI category is changing over time as the BMI of the population is increasing. Study design For each of the nine survey cycles covering this period, we divided the population by BMI category (normal, overweight, class 1 obesity, class >= 2 obesity) and subsequently by the presence of cardiovascular events or cardiometabolic disease. NHANES participants are a group of 5000 individuals/cycle selected to be representative of the US population. We used the weighted data sets to perform trend analyses for each risk/BMI group adjusted for relevant confounders. Results The distribution of the highest risk category (cardiovascular event) has not changed over time within any BMI category. The distribution of the lowest risk category (cardiometabolically healthy) increased significantly over time in all BMI categories. This was noted in the 18- to 45-year subgroup but not in the group aged >45 years. Conclusions The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obese individuals might be associated with a 'healthy obesity' phenotype in those <45 years;however, individuals >45 years showed a proportional increase in associated cardiometabolic risk.

关键词： algorithm   childhood cancer survivor   electronic tool   late effect   long-term follow up  

摘要： Background Many of the late effects of cancer treatment in childhood may occur even decades after the treatment, and only a minority of the survivors remain as healthy as their peers. Providing appropriate long-term care for childhood cancer survivors after transition to primary health care is a challenge. Both survivors and primary care providers need information on potential late effects. The lack of a systematic late effect follow-up plan may lead to excessive use of health care services or delayed intervention. While manual compilation of individual follow-up plans is time consuming for experienced clinicians, electronic algorithms may be feasible. Procedure In Finland, international guidelines for determining the risk of late effects have been implemented. Nationally, Turku University Hospital was asked with developing an automatized system for calculating the risk of late effects, based on electronic patient records saved in the hospital data lake. An electronic algorithm that uses details from exposure-based health screening guidelines published by the Children's Oncology Group was created. The results were compared with those manually extracted by an experienced clinician. Results Significant concordance between the manual and algorithm-based risk classification was found. A total of 355 patients received a classification using the algorithm, and 325 of those matched with the manual categorization, producing a Cohen's coefficient of 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.88-0.95). Conclusion Automated algorithms can be used to categorize childhood cancer survivors efficiently and reliably into late effect risk groups. This further enables automatized compilation of appropriate individual late effect follow-up plan for all survivors.

关键词： Product proliferation   Brand relevance in category   Brand sales   Customer-based brand equity  

摘要： Product proliferation may not be an effective strategy for every brand in every product category. Rather, the success of product proliferation may be conditional on previously unconsidered differences across product categories. In particular, brand relevance in category (BRiC), which is closely associated with an array of category-level characteristics, offers a potentially influential contingency. We rely on a survey study (Study 1a) and a lab experiment (Study 1b) to examine individual consumer reactions to product proliferation. These studies show that product proliferation has a stronger impact on customer-based brand equity in high BRiC categories than in low BRiC categories. From a firm perspective, Study 2 explores the effect of product proliferation on brand sales performance using IRI scanner data;it indicates conversely that BRiC has an opposing moderating effect, such that product proliferation has a stronger impact on brand sales in low BRiC categories than in high BRiC categories. Together, these nuanced results have important implications for product line and brand management resource allocation decisions.

摘要： We disprove two (unpublished) conjectures of Kontsevich which state generalized versions of categorical Hodge-to-de Rham degeneration for smooth and for proper DG categories (but not smooth and proper, in which case degeneration is proved by Kaledin (in: Algebra, geometry, and physics in the 21st century. Birkhauser/Springer, Cham, pp 99-129, 2017). In particular, we show that there exists a minimal 10-dimensional A infinity-algebra over a field of characteristic zero, for which the supertrace of mu(3) on the second argument is non-zero. As a byproduct, we obtain an example of a homotopically finitely presented DG category (over a field of characteristic zero) that does not have a smooth categorical compactification, giving a negative answer to a question of Toen. This can be interpreted as a lack of resolution of singularities in the noncommutative setup. We also obtain an example of a proper DG category which does not admit a categorical resolution of singularities in the terminology of Kuznetsov and Lunts (Int Math Res Not 2015(13):4536-4625, 2015) (that is, it cannot be embedded into a smooth and proper DG category).

关键词： Philosophy for children   Aims of education   Instrumentalism   Facilitation   Community of inquiry  

摘要： Philosophy for children is an educational movement that includes diverse goals that are not always clearly articulated by theorists and practitioners. In order to navigate the multitude of aims found in the philosophy for children literature I propose distinguishing between the following categories of goals: aims of education;educational goals of philosophy for children (internal and external);goals of a community of philosophical inquiry (procedural, epistemic, encounter, community, telos);goals of the facilitator;and goals of the children. The definitions of these various types are given along with some examples of how the distinctions between them can be of aid in understanding the approaches, criticisms, and practice of philosophy for children.

关键词： Prostate cancer   Magnetic Resonance Imaging   Prostate specific antigen  

摘要： Purpose: The goal of this study was to determine the predictive value of prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) plus Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) category for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 526 men without known prostate cancer (initial diagnosis group) and 133 men with prostate cancer grade group 1 (active surveillance group) who underwent magnetic resonance imaging-guided and/or systematic prostate biopsy procedures between August 2014 and October 2018. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), PSAD, and PI-RADS category were entered into logistic regression models for predicting clinically significant prostate cancer (grade group >= 2) at biopsy. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess model accuracy. Results: The area under the curve (AUC) increased when PSAD was combined with PI-RADS in the initial diagnosis group (difference in AUC = 0.031;95% confidence interval: 0.012, 0.050;P = 0.002) but not in the active surveillance group (difference in AUC = 0.016;95% confidence interval: - 0.040, 0.071;P = 0.579). When a PSAD threshold of 0.15 was applied, the frequency of clinically significant prostate cancer in patients with a PI-RADS score of 3 or lower decreased from 9.8% to 5.6% in the initial diagnosis group and from 10.7% to 2.7% in the active surveillance group. Conclusions: The addition of PSAD improves the predictive performance of PI-RADS in men without known prostate cancer. A PSAD threshold of 0.15 can help to minimize the number of missed clinically significant prostate cancer cases in men with a PI-RADS score of 3 or lower who decide to defer biopsy. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Informative cluster size   categorical tests   clustered data   marginal analysis  

摘要： In the analysis of clustered data, inverse cluster size weighting has been shown to be resistant to the potentially biasing effects of informative cluster size, where the number of observations within a cluster is associated with the outcome variable of interest. The method of inverse cluster size reweighting has been implemented to establish clustered data analogues of common tests for independent data, but the method has yet to be extended to tests of categorical data. Many variance estimators have been implemented across established cluster-weighted tests, but potential effects of differing methods on test performance has not previously been explored. Here, we develop cluster-weighted estimators of marginal proportions that remain unbiased under informativeness, and derive analogues of three popular tests for clustered categorical data, the one-sample proportion, goodness of fit, and independence chi square tests. We construct these tests using several variance estimators and show substantial differences in the performance of cluster-weighted tests based on variance estimation technique, with variance estimators constructed under the null hypothesis maintaining size closest to nominal. We illustrate the proposed tests through an application to a data set of functional measures from patients with spinal cord injuries participating in a rehabilitation program.

关键词： Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma   Invasion category   Lymph node metastasis   Surgical outcome  

摘要： Purpose It was speculated that intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) invasion would influence cancer progression, such as lymph node (LN) metastasis, and the efficacy of LN dissection (LND). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the LN metastatic pattern of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, including the invasion category and prognosis after surgical resection, in order to explore effective LND. Methods We analyzed a prospectively collected cohort for ICC with a previously reported invasion category: hilar type, showing invasion to the main or first branch of Glisson;peripheral type, showing no invasion to less than the third branch;and intermediate type, for all others. Results Data from a total of 180 patients who underwent surgical resection were analyzed (LN dissection in 142 (79%)). In single ICC, hilar type had a higher LN metastatic rate than the others (hilar;23/45 (51%), intermediate;7/25 (28%), peripheral;1/34 (3%)). Although the survival with LN metastasis (LN+) was worse, single and hilar/intermediate ICC LN+ had a better survival than peripheral type LN+ (3-year OS: hilar/intermediate 30-37%, peripheral 0%). The most frequent LN metastatic region was the hepatico-duodenal ligament for all invasion categories, and the LN metastatic region was not related to the survival. In peripheral ICC, LND did not affect the survival. By contrast, hilar/intermediate ICC LN+ had a better survival than did peripheral ICC LN+, and the 3-year OS was >= 20%. Conclusion LN metastasis depended on the ICC invasion category in addition to the tumor number, which affected patients' survival and the need for LND. In hilar-type disease, LN dissection may contribute to the survival.

关键词： Mayan languages   Language contact   Numeral classifiers   Pattern borrowing  

摘要： Linguistic similarity can play a significant role in language contact. Many Mayan languages evince both pattern and matter borrowing (Matras and Sakel2007) from other Mayan languages. Here, I focus on Mayan pattern borrowing with respect to an extensive system of obligatory numeral classifiers. Numeral classification, an innovative feature of nearly half of the Mayan languages, was shared among these languages through contact. While some specific numeral classifiers were borrowed in at least some Mayan languages, the areal spread of numeral classifiers among Mayan languages is primarily a case of pattern borrowing, involving the innovation and spread of a new lexical category. Cognate morphological matter shared through common inheritance, including a suffix for numerals greater than one and a whole lexical class of positional roots with related derivational morphology, shaped the forms of numeral classifiers in recipient languages. In addition, inherited grammatical categories related to quantification provided important preconditions for the development of similar systems of numeral classification across the family. Arguably, then, inherited linguistic 'matter' facilitated the transfer of linguistic patterns, even as the forms themselves, already shared through common inheritance, were not borrowed. The study of pattern borrowing in Mayan languages highlights the important role of interlingual identifications (Weinreich1953) in pattern borrowing, especially among related languages. As a case study of different pathways to structural convergence, it also highlights the entanglements between matter and pattern in contact-induced change and reveals the potentially complex structural ramifications of both pattern and matter borrowing.