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关键词： Negative survey   Privacy protection   Sensitive information collection   Immune computation  

摘要： In recent years, the negative survey, which can preserve the privacy of individuals when used for collecting sensitive information, has attracted significant attention. However, the privacy of the typical negative survey is limited by the number of categories. When the number of categories is small, the typical negative survey exhibits weak privacy preservation. In particular, when only two categories exist, the typical negative survey cannot preserve the privacy of individuals. Moreover, at times, the privacy requirements of participants are strict. In such a situation, the typical negative survey fails to provide satisfactory privacy preservation. In this paper, two novel negative survey models that use negative combined categories (NCCs), NCC-I and NCC-II, are proposed. They can provide improved individual privacy preservation, in particular for sensitive information with only two categories. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods can achieve superior privacy preservation and provide accurate reconstructed results. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Generalization   Learning deficits   Developmental disorder   Individual differences   Neurodiversity  

摘要： The ability to categorize is fundamental to cognitive development. Some categories emerge effortlessly and rapidly while others can take years of experience to acquire. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often able to name and sort objects, suggesting that their categorization abilities are largely intact. However, recent experimental work shows that the categories formed by individuals with ASD may diverge substantially from those that most people learn. This review considers how atypical perceptual category learning can affect cognitive development in children with ASD and how atypical categorization may contribute to many of the socially problematic symptoms associated with this disorder. Theoretical approaches to understanding perceptual processing and category learning at both the behavioral and neural levels are assessed in relation to known alterations in perceptual category learning associated with ASD. Mismatches between the ways in which children learn to organize perceived events relative to their peers and adults can accumulate over time, leading to difficulties in communication, social interactions, academic performance, and behavioral flexibility.

关键词： Interobserver variability   intraobserver variability   RSNA COVID-19 chest CT consensus classification categories  

摘要： Purpose: To assess the interobserver and intraobserver agreement of fellowship trained chest radiologists, nonchest fellowship-trained radiologists, and fifth-year radiology residents for COVID-19-related imaging findings based on the consensus statement released by the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA). Methods: A survey of 70 chest CTs of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 positive and COVID-19 negative patients was distributed to three groups of participating radiologists: five fellowship-trained chest radiologists, five nonchest fellowship-trained radiologists, and five fifth-year radiology residents. The survey asked participants to broadly classify the findings of each chest CT into one of the four RSNA COVID-19 imaging categories, then select which imaging features led to their categorization. A 1-week washout period followed by a second survey comprised of randomly selected exams from the initial survey was given to the participating radiologists. Results: There was moderate overall interobserver agreement in each group (kappa coefficient range 0.45-0.52 +/- 0.02). There was substantial overall intraobserver agreement across the chest and nonchest groups (kappa coefficient range 0.61-0.67 +/- 0.06) and moderate overall intraobserver agreement within the resident group (kappa coefficient 0.58 +/- 0.06). For the image features that led to categorization, there were varied levels of agreement in the interobserver and intraobserver components that ranged from fair to perfect kappa values. When assessing agreement with PCR-confirmed COVID status as the key, we observed moderate overall agreement within each group. Conclusion: Our results support the reliability of the RSNA consensus classification system for COVID-19-related image findings.

关键词： Meaning   Morphism   Metaphor   Category theory   Analogy  

摘要： We propose the theory of indeterminate natural transformation (TINT) to investigate the dynamical creation of meaning as an association relationship between images, focusing on metaphor comprehension as an example. TINT models meaning creation as a type of stochastic process based on mathematical structure and defined by association relationships, such as morphisms in category theory, to represent the indeterminate nature of structure-structure interactions between the systems of image meanings. Such interactions are formulated in terms of the so-called coslice categories and functors as structure-preserving correspondences between them. The relationship between such functors is "indeterminate natural transformation,"the central notion in TINT, which models the creation of meanings in a precise manner. For instance, metaphor comprehension is modeled by the construction of indeterminate natural transformations from a canonically defined functor, which we call the base-of-metaphor functor.

摘要： Twelve minutes after the activation of the critical medical emergency code, the code for category 1 cesarean section was activated over the public announcement system in view of persistent severe fetal bradycardia. [...]emergency healthcare delivery for suspected Covid-19 parturients must include protocols to ensure safety for healthcare workers and urgent response to medical emergencies. Comprehensive infection control and clinical management guidelines can be adapted to suit local *** This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit *** of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this *** We confirm that written informed consent for publication has been obtained from the patient described From labor suite to isolation operating theatre 1 Labor ward staff to inform operating theatre nurse manager on call 2 Operating theatre staff to prepare designated negative pressure operating theatre Anesthetic team to don full PAPR and await patient's arrival at designated door to negative pressure operating theatre Security staff activated to cordon off corridor from labor suite isolation room to designated door to negative pressure operating theatre 3 Operating theatre nurse manager on call to inform labor ward staff when above three points fulfilled. 4 Patient transported to designated negative pressure operating theatre Table 1 Covid-19 suspect transport workflow.

关键词： High consumption   Low consumption   Sensory profiles   CATA   Product differences   Cognitive bias  

摘要： Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) is a very popular tool for rapid sensory profiling in consumer research. Yet, consumers' dietary habits, such as consumption frequency, has been neglected in regard to the impact, if any, on CATA question responses. The present work aimed to fill this gap, by focusing on the effect of different consumption frequencies with four studies (N = 686). Two categories of drink products were involved, chrysanthemum tea and instant coffee. For each category, two sets of products were prepared to constitute two levels of difference between samples (larger vs. smaller). Consumers were classified into high- and low-consumption groups according to their consumption frequencies of each focal product;the size of these subgroups ranged from 54 to 130. Overall, the two groups did not produce large discrepancies from each other when constructing sensory profiling of the tested samples with CATA questions as well as the stability of sample configurations. However, there were some nuances between them. In the evaluation of chrysanthemum tea samples, the higher-consumption group of consumers presented better discrimination than the lower-consumption group while this was reversed for coffee samples. This might be mainly attributed to the fact infrequent consumers were more sensitive to such negative attributes as "strong chrysanthemum smell for chrysanthemum samples, earthy for coffee samples". Further, despite the higher stability obtained with larger sizes of difference between samples in Studies 3 and 4, in general, the effect of size of differences within sample sets was not significant between different consumption groups. To more effectively contribute to refinement of methodological guidelines for CATA questions, more validation work is needed.

摘要： We associate to each Temperley-Lieb-Jones C*-tensor category TLJ( d) with parameter d in the discrete range {2 cos(pi/(k + 2)) : k = 1, 2,...}. {2} a certain C*-algebra B of compact operators. We use the unitary braiding on TLJ(delta) to equip the category ModB of (right) Hilbert B-modules with the structure of a braided C*-tensor category. We show that TLJ( d) is equivalent, as a braided C*-tensor category, to the full subcategory Mod fB of ModB whose objects are those modules which admit a finite orthonormal basis. Finally, we indicate how these considerations generalize to arbitrary finitely generated rigid braided C*-tensor categories.

关键词： inventory planning   substitutable products   dynamic substitution   mathematical programming  

摘要： We study a single-period inventory planning problem for a category of substitutable products. This is an important practical problem facing category managers who have to maintain high service levels for constantly expanding product catalogs. We formulate the problem as a stochastic optimization model that minimizes the total stocking cost subject to service level requirements, which consist of product-specific and category-wide targets for inventory availability (ready rates) through the selling season. Our model accounts for stochastic customer arrivals, captures stockout-based substitutions, and determines initial stocking quantities jointly for all products. Recognizing the challenges that these aspects pose in solving the problem, we propose an optimization-based method that estimates the ready rates using a deterministic approximation and discretizes the selling season into a finite number of time intervals. This novel modeling approach permits us to recast the stochastic optimization model as a deterministic mixed integer linear program that can accommodate several common stockout-based substitution schemes. We characterize the worst-case behavior of this approach to develop performance guarantees. We also implemented and applied this model to randomly generated numerical instances featuring different types of product differentiation and varying in parameter values. We observe that the approach is robust to changes in problem parameter values and yields solutions very quickly, outperforming an enumeration-based alternative, a practical heuristic, and an approach based on extant literature. Finally, we applied our approach to data from a re-seller of Information Technology products. Results illustrate that our approach scales well and has the potential to generate savings in inventory costs.

关键词： Assortment planning   Category evolution   Long tail theory   Niche products   Pareto rule   Retailing  

摘要： Long tail theory, the notion that the future of retailing could involve shifting product assortments to offer more product variety to precisely serve the unique needs of individual customers, has largely been proven true in the context of online distribution. However, it has been implicitly assumed that this theory does not apply to brick-and-mortar selling situations due to higher supply side inventory costs and higher demand side consumer search costs. Academics and practitioners alike have thus advocated for the use of Pareto rules to make category assortment planning decisions about product inventory breadth and depth in the brick-and-mortar channel. This research directly challenges this received wisdom by noting that the widespread prevalence and use of mobile technology is causing information flows to speed up for consumers even while performing traditional shopping tasks. Such information flows should theoretically favor the strategic importance of niche products in the long tail of the sales distribution. A large-scale empirical analysis of consumer packaged goods brick-and-mortar retailing data indicates that this alternative prediction is indeed true. This research contributes to a larger body of research as well that has documented how major environmental forces are shifting the nature of retail strategy, particularly in the brick-and-mortar channel.