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关键词： 原型范畴   网络语言   语义  

摘要： 网络词汇在丰富汉语表达,充实语义的同时也存在着很多弊端。本文运用原型范畴理论,从语义演变、语义变异、语义框架提取三个方面分析网络词汇原型语义基础上的语义变化,以深入了解网络词汇承载的意义。

关键词： 义符   形声字   认知心理学   范畴语义   示意功能  

摘要： 认知心理学家运用"两个网络系统""平行激活扩散"等理论,以实验手段证明了义符对汉字形声字所记范畴语义的提取具有促进或干扰的作用,义符与词义的一致性、义符的语义距离以及词频等是其中的影响因素。本文进一步探讨义符本身所具有的示意功能对这些因素的生成产生的影响,认为义符在造字时与形声字本义之间具有多样化的语义关系,在具体使用中义符与现行汉字形声字字义或者字形发生变化,用字环境下非形声字的干扰等,都使义符对形声字所记范畴语义提示和反映的能力产生差异,从而在现有的用字环境下呈现出不同的作用力,在此基础上为今后更深入开展相关心理学实验研究提出些许思路。

关键词： 语法八格   产生与演变   特征  

摘要： 藏语语法中的“八格”缘起于古梵语文法,但在演变成藏语语法的主要范畴过程中,经历了接受、消化、改良和深化等过程,其过程具有复杂多变、时空影响、逐渐深化、稳步演进等特征。

关键词： compensated hypogonadal men   late-onset hypogonadism   luteinizing hormone   testosterone  

摘要： Objectives To define the characteristics of patients with late-onset hypogonadism based on endocrinological findings. Methods We assessed age, body mass index, laboratory/endocrinological profiles and symptom-specific questionnaire scores of 967 men with late-onset hypogonadism symptoms. The patients comprised four groups by testosterone and luteinizing hormone concentrations: normal group, compensated hypogonadism group, primary hypogonadism group and secondary hypogonadism group. We compared characteristics between the normal group and compensated hypogonadism group in men with normal testosterone concentration, and the primary hypogonadism group and secondary hypogonadism group in hypogonadal men after age adjustment. Results The normal group, compensated hypogonadism group, primary hypogonadism group and secondary hypogonadism group accounted for 83.6%, 3.4%, 0.8% and 12.2% of patients, respectively. Despite age adjustment, serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations were significantly lower in the compensated hypogonadism group than the normal group. Only the Aging Males' Symptoms scale mental subscore was significantly different. Serum testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations were significantly lower in the primary hypogonadism group than the secondary hypogonadism group. Only the Aging Males' Symptoms scale sexual subscore was significantly different. Conclusions Most patients with late-onset hypogonadism symptoms are in the normal group, with secondary hypogonadism being much more frequent than primary hypogonadism. Current symptomatic differences among these groups are minor. Classifying patients by testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels might provide useful information for follow up.

关键词： Ad hoc categories   plurals   taxonomy   artonomy  

摘要： In this paper, ad hoc categories are assigned a place among plurals. It is shown that they fall into the same subtypes that other plural expressions do: they may be based on similarity or contiguity and, like other plurals, at least some of their forms tend to involve humans. Ad hoc categories differ from other plurals in that they involve partial rather than complete lists and thus they fill a systematic gap in the typology of plurals. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： L1-based model   English vowel identification   English-Korean vowel mapping   L2-learning experience: long LOR vs. short   LOR   Familiarity with L2 dialect  

摘要： Park and de Jong (2008, 2017) reported that their L1-based model predicted the identification of English consonants with Korean analogues quite successfully while error rates for those without Korean analogues were systematically greater than the model predicted, and Lee and Cho (2018) obtained similar results for English vowels. However, Park and de Jong (2008, 2017) and Lee and Cho (2018) examined only L1-Korean inexperienced EFL listeners' identification of English consonants or vowels. English vowels such as /ae-a/ (bat), /3-3/ (Burt), and /alpha-D/ (stop) exhibit dialect differences between North American English (NAE) and Standard Southern British English (SSBE), but few researchers have examined Korean second language (L2) listeners' perceptions of English vowels in regional dialects other than NAE. The current study was an investigation of the degree to which the L1-based model predicts L1-Korean experienced L2 listeners' identification of NAE and SSBE vowels based on the predictions that experienced L2 listeners are less likely to use L1 (first language) categories in L2 vowel identification than are inexperienced L2 listeners and that even experienced L2 listeners might use L1 categories when identifying L2 vowels in a less familiar English dialect. Korean listeners with different lengths of residence (LOR) in the United States (long: 11.1 years vs. short: 4 years) and with limited experience with British English completed English vowel identification and English-Korean vowel mapping tasks. The results show that the L1-based model predicted only the short-LOR listeners' identification of NAE and SSBE vowels rather accurately, indicating the effect of L2-learning experience. The model also more accurately predicted the short-LOR listeners' identification of SSBE vowels relative to NAE vowels, showing that the impact of the amount of L2 learning-experience decreased with a less familiar dialect. When the listeners' goodness ratings of the category mapping we

关键词： Internal categories   Existence property   Definable classes   Godelian encoding  

摘要： We define here a notion of internal copy and of weak internal copy of a category. We will then determine some families of categories having an internal copy or a weak internal copy. We will consider categories of definable classes of first-order theories and we will see that the notion of internal copy is related to the notion of numerical existence property.