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关键词： 状中结构   “地”   范畴化  

摘要： 在汉语的状中结构中,状语限制中心语时不加"地"。而状语修饰中心语时,有时必须加"地",有时候不能加。这与人类为事件(或行为)划分的范畴有关,当状中结构为中心语代表事件的一个次类时不必加"地",而当状中结构不是中心语代表事件的次类时,必须加"地"。

关键词： Category   classification   dimension   taxometric  

摘要： Taxometric procedures have been used extensively to investigate whether individual differences in personality and psychopathology are latently dimensional or categorical ('taxonic'). We report the first meta-analysis of taxometric research, examining 317 findings drawn from 183 articles that employed an index of the comparative fit of observed data to dimensional and taxonic data simulations. Findings supporting dimensional models outnumbered those supporting taxonic models five to one. There were systematic differences among 17 construct domains in support for the two models, but psychopathology was no more likely to generate taxonic findings than normal variation (i.e. individual differences in personality, response styles, gender, and sexuality). No content domain showed aggregate support for the taxonic model. Six variables - alcohol use disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, problem gambling, autism, suicide risk, and pedophilia - emerged as the most plausible taxon candidates based on a preponderance of independently replicated findings. We also compared the 317 meta-analyzed findings to 185 additional taxometric findings from 96 articles that did not employ the comparative fit index. Studies that used the index were 4.88 times more likely to generate dimensional findings than those that did not after controlling for construct domain, implying that many taxonic findings obtained before the popularization of simulation-based techniques are spurious. The meta-analytic findings support the conclusion that the great majority of psychological differences between people are latently continuous, and that psychopathology is no exception.

摘要： Let Lambda be a finite dimensional algebra. There exists a natural injective map from the set of wide subcategories in the category of finitely generated Lambda-modules to the set of thick subcategories in the bounded derived category of *** show, when Lambda is elementary, that the natural map is bijective if and only if Lambda is hereditary.

关键词： cardiovascular disease   clinical trial   heart failure   randomized trial   sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor   type 2 diabetes  

摘要： Aim To investigate the association of the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Risk Score for Heart Failure in Diabetes (TRS-HFDM) with mortality using data from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. Materials and Methods In EMPA-REG OUTCOME, patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease (N = 7020) received the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, empagliflozin, 10 or 25 mg or placebo. Post hoc, patients were stratified into risk categories (low-intermediate, high, very-high risk scores) using baseline TRS-HFDM. Cox regression analyses evaluated the association of TRS-HFDM categories with all-cause mortality (ACM), CV death, hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) and CV death (excluding fatal stroke) or HHF, and whether empagliflozin reduced the risk of CV outcomes across these risk categories. Results In placebo patients, increasing risk category was associated with a higher risk of ACM, CV death, and HHF. Empagliflozin reduced the risk of ACM (low-intermediate HR 0.68 [95% CI 0.48, 0.97] and very-high 0.69 [0.52, 0.91]), CV death (0.75 [0.48, 1.18] and 0.56 [0.41, 0.78]), HHF (0.53 [0.28, 1.01] and 0.67 [0.48, 0.96]), and CV death or HHF (0.69 [0.46, 1.03]) and (0.64 [0.49, 0.82]) across all risk categories versus placebo. Higher absolute risk reductions (ARRs) were observed for CV death in the very-high versus low-intermediate category (P = 0.01). Conclusions Applied to EMPA-REG OUTCOME, higher TRS-HFDM was associated with increased HHF and mortality risk. Empagliflozin reduced CV outcomes across TRS-HFDM categories. Higher ARRs were associated with higher risk scores.

关键词： EEG   multivariate pattern analysis   real-world structure   scene representation   visual processing  

摘要： In everyday life, our visual surroundings are not arranged randomly but structured in predictable ways. Although previous studies have shown that the visual system is sensitive to such structural regularities, it remains unclear whether the presence of an intact structure in a scene also facilitates the cortical analysis of the scene's categorical content. To address this question, we conducted an EEG experiment during which participants viewed natural scene images that were either "intact" (with their quadrants arranged in typical positions) or "jumbled" (with their quadrants arranged into atypical positions). We then used multivariate pattern analysis to decode the scenes' category from the EEG signals (e.g., whether the participant had seen a church or a supermarket). The category of intact scenes could be decoded rapidly within the first 100 ms of visual processing. Critically, within 200 ms of processing, category decoding was more pronounced for the intact scenes compared with the jumbled scenes, suggesting that the presence of real-world structure facilitates the extraction of scene category information. No such effect was found when the scenes were presented upside down, indicating that the facilitation of neural category information is indeed linked to a scene's adherence to typical real-world structure rather than to differences in visual features between intact and jumbled scenes. Our results demonstrate that early stages of categorical analysis in the visual system exhibit tuning to the structure of the world that may facilitate the rapid extraction of behaviorally relevant information from rich natural environments. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Natural scenes are structured, with different types of information appearing in predictable locations. Here, we use EEG decoding to show that the visual brain uses this structure to efficiently analyze scene content. During early visual processing, the category of a scene (e.g., a church vs. a supermarket) could be more accu

关键词： Structural optimization   Categorical and continuous variables   Bi-level decomposition   Structural design  

摘要： In this work, large-scale structural optimization problems involving non-ordinal categorical design variables and continuous variables are investigated. The aim is to minimize the weight of a structure with respect to cross-section areas, with materials and stiffening principles selection. First, the problem is formulated using a bi-level decomposition involving master and slave problems. The master problem is given by a first-order-like approximation that helps to drastically reduce the combinatorial explosion raised by the categorical variables. Continuous variables are handled in a slave problem solved using a gradient-based approach, where the categorical variables are driven by the master problem. The proposed algorithm is tested on three different structural optimization test cases. A comparison to state-of-the-art algorithms emphasize efficiency of the proposed algorithm in terms of the optimum quality, the computation cost, and the scaling with respect to the problem dimension.

关键词： Magnetic resonance imaging   Prostate cancer  

摘要： Objectives: We sought to identify clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics in men with the Prostate Imaging - Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) category 3 index lesions that predict clinically significant prostate cancer (CaP) on MRI targeted biopsy. Materials and Methods: Multicenter study of prospectively collected data for biopsy-naive men (n = 247) who underwent MRI-targeted and systematic biopsies for PI-RADS 3 index lesions. The primary endpoint was diagnosis of clinically significant CaP (Grade Group ≥2). Multivariable logistic regression models assessed for factors associated with clinically significant CaP. The probability distributions of clinically significant CaP based on different levels of predictors of multivariable models were plotted in a heatmap. Results: Men with clinically significant CaP had smaller prostate volume (39.20 vs. 55.10 ml, P < 0.001) and lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values (973 vs. 1068 μm²/s, P = 0.013), but higher prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density (0.21 vs. 0.13 ng/ml², P = 0.027). On multivariable analyses, lower prostate volume (odds ratio [OR]: 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92–0.97), lower ADC value (OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.99–1.00), and Prostate-specific antigen density >0.15 ng/ml² (OR: 3.51, 95% CI 1.61–7.68) were independently associated with significant CaP. Conclusion: Higher PSA density, lower prostate volume and ADC values are associated with clinically significant CaP in biopsy-naïve men with PI-RADS 3 lesions. We present regression-derived probabilities of detecting clinically significant CaP based on various clinical and imaging values that can be used in decision-making. Our findings demonstrate an opportunity for MRI refinement or biomarker discovery to improve risk stratification for PI-RADS 3 lesions. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.

关键词： Own-thought auditory verbal hallucinations   Voxel-based morphometry   Tract-based spatial statistics   Shared features   Distinct features  

摘要： Objective: To explore the unified and disease specific structural features of the brain in patients spanning six mental disorders who experience own-thought auditory verbal hallucinations (OTAVH). Methods: A pilot study was conducted on 25 patients with schizophrenia (FUSCH-OTAVH), 20 patients with major depression disorder (FUMDD-OTAVH), 28 patients with bipolar disorder (FUBD-OTAVH), 22 patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (FUPTSD-OTAVH), 21 patients with anxiety disorder (FUAD-OTAVH), and 27 patients with borderline personality disorder (FUBPD-OTAVH). Twenty-five healthy controls (HCs) were also recruited. Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale (AHRS) multiple psychometric scales were adopted to assess the clinical features of voxel-based morphometry (VBM), tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), and multiple regression in all patients. Common and specific brain features of OTAVH among these mental disorders were investigated. Results: Compared to HCs, GMV aberrant pattern across all the six categories patients with OTAVH decreased in the occipital cortex, left parietal lobe, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and insular cortex (IC). Aberrant patterns in white matter (WM) were detected in the corpus callosum and impairment of the fronto-occipital fasciculus. Structural differences in the brain were observed for each mental disorder versus HCs. Conclusions: The unified brain aberrant features of OTAVH across six mental disorders were characterized by decreased GMV and WM impairments in some regions and the specific brain features of each disease were also characterized. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the structural basis of OTAVH and potential avenues for investigating disease specific brain features of OTAVH.

摘要： Accessible categories admit a purely category-theoretic replacement for cardinality: the internal size. Generalizing results and methods from [LRV19b], we examine set-theoretic problems related to internal sizes and prove several Lowenheim-Skolem theorems for accessible categories. For example, assuming the singular cardinal hypothesis, we show that a large accessible category has an object in all internal sizes of high-enough co-finality. We also prove that accessible categories with directed colimits have filtrations: any object of sufficiently high internal size is (the retract of) a colimit of a chain of strictly smaller objects.

关键词： Speech perception   Perceptual learning   Cue weighting   Individual differences   Categorization gradiency   Cognitive abilities  

摘要： The present study examines whether listeners flexibly adapt to unfamiliar speech patterns such as those encountered in foreign-accented English vowels, where the relative informativeness of primary (spectral quality) and secondary (duration) cues tends to be reversed (e.g., spectrally similar but exaggerated duration differences between bet and bat). This study further tests whether listeners' adaptive strategies are related to individual differences in phoneme categorization gradiency and cognitive abilities. Native English listeners (N = 36) listened to a continuum of vowels from /epsilon/ to /ae/ (as in head and had) varying in spectral and duration values to complete a perceptual adaptation task and a visual analog scaling (VAS) task. Participants also completed cognitive tasks examining executive function capacities. Results showed that listeners mostly used spectral quality to signal vowel category at baseline, but flexibly adapted by up-weighting reliance on duration when spectral quality became no longer diagnostic. In the VAS task, some listeners made more categorical responses while others made more gradient responses in vowel categorization, but these differences were not linked to their adaptive patterns. Results of cognitive tasks revealed that individual differences in inhibitory control correlated, to some degree, with the amount of adaptation. Together, these findings suggest that listeners flexibly adapt to unfamiliar speech categories using distributional information in the input and individual differences in cognitive abilities may influence their adaptability. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.