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关键词： Optimal allocation   linear model   covariate mean balance   variable neighbourhood search   simulation  

摘要： The balanced allocation of experimental units with regard to various known covariates among several treatment groups, before the physical experiment takes place, is often considered to be the most reasonable allocation scheme in all intervention studies and clinical trials. It is well-known that covariate mean balance over various treatment groups ensures widely used D- and A-optimality. However, it is not well-understood if the reverse proposition holds or not. For continuous covariates, it has been observed previously by the same authors, through a computationally intensive method, that covariate mean balance is nearly achieved for an optimal design. In the present paper, it has been analytically established that, with categorical covariates, the covariate mean balance can be ensured through D- and A-optimality.

关键词： Aphasia   assessment   diagnosis   fluency   reliability  

摘要： Background: The concept of fluency is widely used to dichotomously classify aphasia syndromes in both research and clinical practice. Despite its ubiquity, reliability of fluency measurement is reduced due to its multi-dimensional nature and the variety of methods used to measure it. Aims: The primary aim of the study was to determine what factors contribute to judgements of fluency in aphasia, identifying methodological and linguistic sources of disagreement. Methods & Procedures: We compared fluency classifications generated according to fluency scores on the revised Western Aphasia Battery (WAB-R) to clinical impressions of fluency for 254 English-speaking people with aphasia (PwA) from the AphasiaBank database. To determine what contributed to fluency classifications, we examined syndrome diagnoses and measured the predictive strength of 18 spontaneous speech variables extracted from retellings of the Cinderella story. The variables were selected to represent three dimensions predicted to underlie fluency: grammatical competence, lexical retrieval, and the facility of speech production. Outcomes & Results: WAB-R fluency classifications agreed with 83% of clinician classifications, although agreement was much greater for fluent than nonfluent classifications. The majority of mismatches were diagnosed with anomic or conduction aphasia by the WAB-R but Broca's aphasia by clinicians. Modifying the WAB-R scale improved the extent to which WAB-R fluency categories matched clinical impressions. Fluency classifications were predicted by a combination of variables, including aspects of grammaticality, lexical retrieval and speech production. However, fluency classification by WAB-R was largely predicted by severity, whereas the presence or absence of apraxia of speech was the largest predictor of fluency classifications by clinicians. Conclusions: Fluency judgements according to WAB-R scoring and those according to clinical impression showed some common influences, but a

关键词： 范畴论   数学基础   结构  

摘要： 探究范畴论数学基础的理论根基,首先要领会数学结构的解释说明,从而认识数学的结构本质;其次要解析范畴论对数学结构的阐释,借由范畴的形式化表征,理解范畴的结构特性,表明范畴论是描述数学结构的理论;最后通过内核与框架阐析范畴论数学基础的本质特征。

关键词： 仁   智   仁智统一   教育精神   中国教育精神  

摘要： 中国教育的理想状貌实为:具"仁""智"的教育者,选取体现"仁""智"的内容,采用蕴含"仁""智"的方法,使受教育者最终成为具"仁智统一"的人。回望中国教育的历史可以发现,在精神领域存在着一个以"仁"和"智"为基本要素的观念运动,这就是从"仁智并举"到"仁智对举"再到"必仁且智",最终转换为"德才兼备"的现代表达。虽然中国教育文化博大精深,但"仁"和"智"无疑是其核心范畴,而"仁智统一"则是中国教育精神的基本内涵。

关键词： 原型理论   隐喻   词汇教学  

摘要： 高职词汇教学是英语教学的基础环节,是提高学生英语综合应用能力的关键。原型范畴理论对于高职英语词汇教学具有实际意义。文章试图将原型理论应用到英语词汇教学中去,以期从中获得有价值的启示。结合高职英语词汇教学的实践,文章重点论述了原型理论的上级范畴、基本范畴和下属范畴三个层次的范畴化及隐喻机制在高职英语词汇教学中的应用。提出教师要注重基本范畴词的教学,有意识地培养学生的词类意识。

关键词： n-cluster tilting subcategory   Pure semisimple   n-homological pair   Functor category  

摘要： From the viewpoint of higher homological algebra, we introduce pure semisimple n-abelian categories, which are analogs of pure semisimple abelian categories. Let A be an Artin algebra and M be an n-cluster tilting subcategory of Mod-A. We show that M is pure semisimple if and only if each module in M is a direct sum of finitely generated modules. Let m be an n-cluster tilting subcategory of mod-A. We show that Add(m) is an n-cluster tilting subcategory of Mod-A if and only if m has an additive generator if and only if Mod(m) is locally finite. This generalizes Auslander's classical results on pure semisimplicity of Artin algebras. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： 语境   有声语言   语言艺术  

摘要： 作为有声语言交流双方共同营造的物理与心理交融的语境,在从有声语言的感性存在到悟性升华的过程中,应更具有语言交流的艺术魅力。文章厘清了言内与言外的相辅相成、表意与表情的相得益彰、语言与语智的相为表里的有声语言二位一体的语境含义,梳理了情景交融、虚实相生、形神兼备的语言艺术辩证结构的语境生成,揭示了遣词造句的准确、表情达意的鲜明、传神写照的生动的语言表达三重境界的语境意义,从而证明了语境是有声语言艺术的核心范畴。

关键词： 人体量词   范畴   原型   标记   连续统  

摘要： 根据现代范畴理论和标记理论,利用北京语言大学现代汉语语料库,从频率、搭配、虚化等方面,对常用人体量词进行考察。考察结果发现:“口、头、眼、身”标记性较弱,可以确定为典型人体量词;“脚、脸、手、腔、肚子、拳、巴掌、嘴、屁股”标记性较强,为非典型人体量词。它们共同构成了常用人体量词范畴。对人体量词进行探讨,从理论上来讲,可以为现代范畴理论和标记理论提供印证;从教学上来讲,则提示对外汉语教师在进行人体量词教学时,应从典型人体量词入手再逐渐深入。

关键词： 习近平新时代中国特色社会主义经济思想   中国特色社会主义政治经济学   人民逻辑   价值范畴  

摘要： 党的十九届四中全会强调要推进国家治理体系与治理能力现代化,并在经济治理部分提出分配要进一步向劳动者倾斜的观点,体现了马克思劳动价值理论的精神实质。劳动价值理论具有一般性质,适用于任何社会形态。在此理论基础上,马克思创立了剩余价值理论,以剖析资本主义社会经济运行的特殊规律。在马克思看来,剩余价值属于资本主义特有的价值范畴。相反,中国特色社会主义政治经济学在反映社会主义特殊经济规律的"价值范畴"方面存在理论缺失,经常将反映资本主义经济运行规律的价值范畴——"剩余价值"范畴用于研究中国特色社会主义市场经济的运行,混淆了不同生产关系条件下市场经济的本质差别。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义经济思想提出了"人民逻辑"的思想主线,初构了中国特色社会主义政治经济学的逻辑主线。应以此作为立论依据,在劳动价值理论的基础上,确立中国特色社会主义"为人民的劳动""为人民的商品""为人民的价值"的概念,最终构建中国特色社会主义政治经济学"以人民为中心"的价值范畴。

关键词： 词义引申   基本义   引申义   原型范畴理论   翻译  

摘要： 阐述词义引申的研究现状.利用认知语言学原型范畴理论,分析词义范畴及其基本特征.提出该理论将意义视为一个范畴,其成员包括原型成员和若干子成员,原型成员是范畴特征的代表,而子成员仅拥有部分特征.就词义来讲,其原型成员是词汇的基本义,子成员是词汇的引申义.基于此,探究在特定语境下基本义与引申义之间的本质关系,认为词义引申可分为概念型引申、语法型引申、隐喻型引申和转喻型引申四种类型.提出词义引申对英语翻译具有促进作用.