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关键词： Nutrition   Greenhouse gas emissions   Multicriteria analysis   Meat   Environment   Flexitarian  

摘要： Sustainable diets are nutritious, culturally acceptable and have low environmental impact. The aim of this study was to identify sustainable diets among actual self-selected diets based on five national dietary surveys (Finland, France, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom), without ex ante assumptions concerning the food content of diets. Using nutrient intakes and dietary greenhouse gas emissions as active variables, energy-adjusted multiple factor analysis and agglomerative hierarchical clustering were applied to identify clusters of diets. The cluster with the lowest dietary GHGE had the lowest nutritional quality. Another cluster displayed a good compromise between nutritional quality and dietary GHGE (21% lower than the average of observed diets) and was therefore considered as more sustainable than the other clusters. Compared to the rest of the sample, diets in the more sustainable cluster were characterized by a larger quantity of plant-based products and lower quantities of meats, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages. The average diet in this cluster contained approximately 1000 g per day (g/d) of plant-based products ( including 400 g/d of fruit and vegetables, 100 g/d of juices and 500 g/d of other plants) and 400 g/d of animal-based products (including 100 g/d of meat/fish/eggs of which livestock meat represented 20 g/d, 50 g/d of animal-based composite dishes, 30 g/d of cheese and 220 g/d of other dairy products). We concluded that exclusion of entire food categories (e.g., meat) is not necessary to improve the sustainability of European diets. (c) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： Functional traits   Growth form   Hydration   Lichen   Thallus morphology  

摘要： The focus of community ecology has shifted from the description of taxonomic composition towards an understanding of community assembly based on species' 'functional traits'. The functional trait approach is well developed for vascular plants, utilising variability of continuous phenotypic characters that affect ecological fitness, such as specific leaf area, tissue nitrogen concentration or seed mass, to explain community structure. In contrast, community assembly studies for poikilohydric cryptogamic plants and fungi, such as lichens, remain focused on broad categorical traits such as growth form difference: fruticose, foliose or crustose. This study examined intra- and interspecific variability for two highly promising continuous phenotypic measurements that affect lichen physiology and ecological fitness: water-holding capacity (WHC) and specific thallus mass (STM). Values for WHC and STM were compared within and among species, and within and among key macrolichen growth forms (fruticose and green-algal and cyanolichen foliose species), asking whether these widely used categories adequately differentiate the continuous variables (WHC and STM). We show large intra- and interspecific variability that does not map satisfactorily onto growth form categories, and on this basis provide recommendations and caveats in the future use of lichen functional traits. © Trustees of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2019).

关键词： 道   宇宙论   人生论   政治论  

摘要： “道”是老子哲学中最根本的概念,同时也是最具有争议性的论题。历来学者对其的解读可谓是见仁见智,其研究的角度、立场的差异造成了迥异的解读方式与解读结果。但有一点不容置疑,在何以平治天下、安顿社会、成就自我上终至于殊途同归。故老子“道”观念在各个维度展现出互动性和共通性,各层次间凸显出逻辑的关联性和通贯性。老子哲学体系的发展与嬗演可以说是由宇宙论延展到人性论,再由人性论辐射到政治论,呈现出上下通贯,天人一体的意蕴。所以我们对“道”的叩问与追寻同样以这样一种逻辑进程为脉络,从而在各种形态下完成对“道”具体含义的研讨。

关键词： Road segment   Heterogeneous bicycle flow   Illegal lane-changing behavior   Cellular automaton   Field data  

摘要： Road segments using traffic markings to separate the vehicle lane and the adjacent bicycle lane are widely adopted on urban roads. Bicycles' illegal lane-changing behavior (ILC) is commonly observed on such road segments, resulting in severe influences of traffic efficiency and bringing hidden dangers. However, existing models disregard different categories of ILC and heterogeneities of ILC between electric bikes (e-bikes) and regular bikes (r-bikes), which has limitations in representing the realistic ILC. To address these disadvantages and understand how heterogeneities affect the ILC, this paper analyzes the behavioral characteristics of ILC using field data and proposes a new cellular automaton (CA) model. Corresponding rules are set for different categories of ILC in the model, and simultaneously the bicycle heterogeneities of ILC are also considered in rules-making. Simulation results indicate that as the proportion of e-bikes increases, the frequency of ILC increases. Furthermore, vehicle volume decreases due to the occurrence of ILC, and the effect is more evident with a higher proportion of e-bikes. Findings of the study can help us better understand the ILC, and the proposed simulation model is useful for pre-evaluating unimplemented designs for the mixed traffic road segment. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 红色范畴颜色词   构词方式   着色功能   语法特点  

摘要： 《醒世姻缘传》中表示红色范畴的颜色词,在其语义及使用方式等方面都凸显出极大特色,主要体现为“红”作为基本颜色词可以单独使用,红色范畴颜色词在句法功能上相较于现代汉语而言更加灵活,其所富含的意义也更为丰富。本文试从其构词方式、着色功能、语法特点等角度,对《醒世姻缘传》中红色范畴颜色词的使用情况进行探析。通过《醒世姻缘传》红色范畴颜色词的个案分析,我们认为该作品语言基本未受东北、西北汉儿言语系统颜色词感染,这对东方语音写成的这部大小说,考证缩小其作者里居范围而言或有一定的参考意义。

关键词： 中国传统教育   整本书阅读   《乡土中国》   统编教材   温儒敏   语文阅读教学   接地气   解读文本  

摘要： 语文阅读教学的范畴不可胜数,从20世纪40年代开始,叶圣陶在继承中国传统教育的基础上首次提出"读整本书"观点,80年代顾黄初呼吁学术界关注叶圣陶的"读整本书"思想,一直到2001年义务教育语文课程标准关于阅读部分的要求,再到如今温儒敏先生就语文统编教材中整本书阅读问题的意见等,语文阅读教学被越来越多的人重视。汲安庆强调最接地气,最富个性化创造的语文阅读教学,"体性""类性""篇性"是必须正视的三个重要范畴。他从宏观、中观、微观层面给人以教学实践指导,这对于教师解读文本具有重要的借鉴价值。

关键词： 晋语   时制   标记   功能   特点  

摘要： 本文考察晋语时制标记的句法表现。晋语的过去时标记是“来”等,现在时标记是“了”“嘞”,将来时标记是“也”。它们在句法地位上高于“体”标记,低于纯粹的语气词,一律位于句末(语气词前)。晋语没有表曾然、将然的副词,时制标记与相应的时间名词共现频率较高,但不完全对应,因此它的使用具有一定的强制性。晋语时制标记可用于补语、宾语从句和有限的状语、定语从句。肯定句中,时制标记可用于动作动词谓语句子和“有”字句、“是”字句、名词谓语句、形容词谓语句。否定句中,“没”可与“来”“嘞”或“来嘞”共现,“不”可与“来”“了”“嘞”“也”共现。晋语“时—体—情态”之间既有区别又有纠葛。

关键词： 汉英翻译   认知语言学   原型范畴   基本层次范畴   范畴越位  

摘要： 本文运用"范畴越位"这一概念处理汉英翻译过程中词汇、句法与篇章三个层面的范畴对应问题。基于认知语言学理论,从横向看,范畴涉及的是内部成员之间的并列关系,聚焦范畴内原型成员与非原型成员之间的关系;从纵向看,涉及范畴的层级问题,聚焦基本层次成员与上、下位成员之间的关系。本文研究显示,要实现译文对原文在形式与语义结构上的忠实,有时必须对范畴类型或层级加以调整或变换。本文研究成果对于翻译研究、认知语言学以及外语教学均有一定启示作用。

关键词： 施用结构   语段加标   功能语类   范畴特征   接口解释  

摘要： 本文在语段扩展投射及加标理论基础上,整合范畴特征理论和功能语类投射以及一致性运算统一分析施用语段推导、加标和接口解释。范畴特征产生施用语段内解释透视。施用语段定义局部性,逆局部性是阻断施用语段内移动的下限限制。高施用投射Happl P呈现循环移交属性的强语段效应,结合标示语论证施用语段内的直接宾语移动是跨语段边界的移位,而VP内嵌入低施用投射LAppl P也构成语段。在非对称双宾句式中,直接宾语不可跨越同一语段内施用宾语正是违反了逆局部性。研究表明,相对最简性根据最小搜索和探测算法确立;施用结构中施用宾语的移动由范畴一致性驱动。

关键词： Obesity   Risk factors  

摘要： Background Although higher sedentary behavior (SB) with low light intensity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) are thought to increase risk for obesity, other data suggest excess weight may precede these behaviors in the causal pathway. We aimed to investigate 10-year bidirectional associations between SB and activity with weight. Methods Analysis included 886 CARDIA participants (aged 38-50 years, 62% female, 38% black) with weight and accelerometry ( >= 4 days with >= 10 h/day) collected in 2005-6 (ActiGraph 7164) and 2015-6 (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT). Accelerometer data were calibrated, harmonized, and expressed as counts per minute (cpm) and time-dependent intensity categories (min/day of SB, LPA, and MVPA;SB and MVPA were also separated into long-bout and short-bout categories). Linear regression models were constructed to estimate adjusted associations of baseline activity with 10-year change in weight and vice versa. When activity categories were the independent variables, standardized regression coefficients (beta std.) estimated associations of replacing SB with a one SD increase in other categories, adjusted for accelerometer wear time. Results Over 10-years, weight increased by a mean 2.55 +/- 8.05 kg and mean total activity decreased by 50 +/- 153 cpm. In adjusted models, one SD higher baseline mean total activity (beta std. = -1.4 kg, p < 0.001), LPA (beta std. = -0.80 kg, p = 0.013), total MVPA (beta std. = -1.07 kg, p = 0.001), and long-bout MVPA (beta std. = -1.20 kg, p < 0.001) were associated with attenuated 10-year weight gain. Conversely, a one SD higher baseline weight was associated with unfavorable 10-year changes in daily activity profile including increases in SB (beta std. = 12.0 min, p < 0.001) and decreases in mean total activity (beta std. = 14.9 cpm, p = 0.004), LPA (beta std. = 8.9, p = 0.002), and MVPA (beta std. = 3.5 min, p = 0.001). Associations varied by race and gender. Conclusions Higher SB with lower ac