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关键词： Noise discomfort   Magnitude estimation   Rating scale   Category-ratio method   Subjective evaluation  

摘要： In psychophysical studies, the methods of magnitude estimation (ME) and rating scale (RS) are often employed to obtain the subjective intensity of noise. Research interest has usually focused on obtaining precise growth functions to express the relation between subjective and objective magnitudes of stimuli in the ME method, or utilising proper categories for a series of stimuli in the RS method. There have been few studies concerned with the validity of the two direct scaling methods in measuring the subjective intensity of noise. This paper investigated the subjective discomfort caused by noise in the methods of relative magnitude estimation (RME), absolute magnitude estimation (AME), and RS. Forty-two participants were divided into three groups, and each group rated the discomfort caused by 22 noise stimuli at sound pressure levels from 49 to 91 dBA using RME, AME or RS method, respectively. Results indicated that the RS method yields interval scales and the ME method yields logarithmic interval scales for the discomfort of noise, so the sensory continua of noise discomfort could be described in linear relation or power function, depending on the evaluating methods. Based on the empirical data, a category-ratio scale was developed for evaluating the noise discomfort by combining the scales of AME and the scales and verbal descriptors of RS. Equations were also proposed tentatively for noise discomfort to predict the categories from the estimated magnitudes. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： computational modeling   intracranial EEG   local field potentials   spectral patterns   vision   visual attention  

摘要： Local field potentials (LFPs) encode visual information via variations in power at many frequencies. These variations are complex and depend on stimulus and cognitive state in ways that have yet to be fully characterized. Specifically, the frequencies (or combinations of frequencies) that most robustly encode specific types of visual information are not fully known. To address this knowledge gap, we used intracranial EEG to record LFPs at 858 widely distributed recording sites as human subjects (six males, five females) indicated whether briefly presented natural scenes depicted one of three attended object categories. Principal component analysis applied to power spectra of the LFPs near stimulus onset revealed a broadband component (1-100 Hz) and two narrowband components (1-8 and 8 -30 Hz, respectively) that encoded information about both seen and attended categories. Interestingly, we found that seen and attended categories were not encoded with the same fidelity by these distinct spectral components. Model-based tuning and decoding analyses revealed that power variations along the broadband component were most sharply tuned and offered more accurate decoding for seen than for attended categories. Power along the narrowband delta-theta (1-8 Hz) component robustly decoded information about both seen and attended categories, while the alpha- beta (8 -30 Hz) component was specialized for attention. We conclude that, when viewing natural scenes, information about the seen category is encoded via broadband and sub-gamma (<30 Hz) power variations, while the attended category is most robustly encoded in the sub-gamma range. More generally, these results suggest that power variation along different spectral components can encode qualitatively different kinds of visual information.

关键词： Demographic   logistic regression   probit   socio-economic   tobacco consumption  

摘要： The aim of this study is to specify factors influencing tobacco consumption in Turkey, which belongs to developing countries group, and to determine the extent of their influence. Factors related to the sociodemographic, economic, personal, environmental, and healthy life indicators influencing tobacco consumption in Turkey were determined using logistic and probit regression analyses. According to the results of the study, age, gender, education, marital status, fruit consumption, exposure to tobacco smoke at home, and frequent of alcohol consumption are the most influential variables effecting tobacco consumption. More effective results in policies aimed at preventing tobacco consumption can be accomplished by giving priority to individuals more inclined to tobacco consumption. People in 25-44 age group, men, graduates of high school and its equivalents, divorced/widowed individuals, individuals exposed to tobacco smoke, and alcohol users are individuals who tend to use tobacco.

关键词： 工程管理   范畴   重要性  

摘要： 新形势下，随着信息化的不断发展，现代化工程以种类繁多、数量庞大等特点呈现到了大家的视野当中。原有的工 程管理方式，已经不能满足现代化的发展需要，对各项现代化工程管理的要求也上升了一个重要的台阶。工程作为社会发展下的 产物，也需要立足实际，加大科学的原理转化，建立新的产品，加大规范化，制度化管理，提高工程管理质量。因此，本文首先 提出了需要探究的主要问题和内容，之后，根据工程管理的范畴阐述和分析，探究工程管理的重要性价值，以此来确保建筑企业 获得更大的经济效益和社会效益。

关键词： 组合范畴语法   结构套叠   范畴转换  

摘要： 词组入句时发生语法性质转变,词组的句法范畴就应该转换,这种转换依赖词组作为整体进入更大词组的结构需要。要解释这种现象,组合范畴语法应该增加相应的转换规则。从集合论角度看,汉语有名词-动词-形容词依次包含关系,由此可归纳基本句法结构之间的转类套叠。在类有定职的前提下,得出转类套叠对应的范畴转换规则,形成有范畴转换机制的组合范畴语法C^2-CCG。研究表明这种基于词组本位的形式语法有希望解释中文句法中各种转类套叠。

关键词： 采购合同翻译   范畴转换   翻译转换理论   卡特福德  

摘要： 在卡特福德范畴转换视角下，本文以《丰江投资开发有限公司采购项目》为例，探讨采购合同翻译过程中的一些问题和相应的翻译技巧。通过介绍采购合同的相关信息和特点，从结构转换、类别转换、单位转换和系统内部转换的角度，分析了范畴转换理论在采购合同汉译英中的应用。案例分析表明，范畴转换理论能够帮助译者选择合适的翻译策略，对采购合同的翻译有科学性的指导作用。

关键词： 认知语言学   原型范畴   词典编纂  

摘要： 认知语言学中的理论促进了当前语言的发展，原型范畴理论有助于理解多义词的认知机制。词典对于二语学习者来 说必不可少，因此词典中多义词义项间的编排尤为重要。本文基于牛津高阶英汉双语词典第九版中对 lift 的释义为例探讨目前词典 中多义词义项编排存在的问题，并建议词典编纂应基于原型范畴理论进行义项安排，更好实现词典的功能。

关键词： 留余   留白   中华文化   绘画文化学   范畴  

摘要： 留余匾是康百万庄园的文化内涵,是豫商文化的精髓.留余不仅是豫商文化的标志性文化符号,也是中华文化的结晶,更是国画艺术的基本范畴,留余理念运用的成熟程度,代表着国画艺术的发展水平.

关键词： 马克思   《德意志意识形态》   广义生活方式   马克思的“初心”   共产主义核心要义   “一元本体观”  

摘要： 《德意志意识形态》是马克思恩格斯早期撰写的具有标识性的历史唯物主义奠基之作。从新时代的历史使命和发展21世纪马克思主义理论出发,需要发掘该著作所建立的包融生产方式在内的“广义生活方式”概念并赋予其历史唯物主义“一元本体”的理论思想和重大意义。从广义生活方式概念出发,重新审视“生产方式决定生活方式”的理论命题,可以发现生产方式和生活方式的复杂、多重关系和互构作用,在此基础上马克思的共产主义社会理想的“初心”和核心要义是建立“每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件”的“自由人联合体”即“生活共同体”,该核心要义构成社会主义现实运动的精神结构和至高点,并为新时代建设中国特色社会主义提供了根本指导原则。

关键词： 尖   范畴   戏曲批评   逐险弄巧   任性畅情  

摘要： 戏曲批评中的"尖"已不再被视为标新立异、逐险弄巧的代名词,它不仅可指称声辞的新巧浅俗或绮丽夺目,亦可指称剧作结构的虚实相生、散活灵动,更可指称曲情的引人入胜,是戏曲呈示自身特质和魅力的重要范畴。"尖"之义域在戏曲批评中实现了由消极到积极的转换,冲破了传统文艺批评"温柔敦厚""蕴藉包含"之审美准则,与明清时期的任性畅情、革故鼎新的思想潮流相适应。尖新之曲作常常具有强有力的突破性、生机勃然的充沛性以及别开生面的新奇性,因而忌墨守成规、拘谨板滞,蕴含着跳脱规范、别开生面之渴盼,在诗文批评中也得到了积极的回响。