学科服务 更多>>

关键词： 军事学   国际电子战   电子战战略战役与战术   电子战指挥控制   电子战谋略   电子战威慑   电子战部队   电子战历史  

摘要： 电子对抗又称为电子战,在绝大多数工程技术人员的传统观念中这属于工科中的电子类专业,主要研究工程技术,研制电子战设备,但这仅仅反映了该专业在自然科学中的部分属性。实际上按照其本源定义,电子对抗同时是一种特殊的攻防结合的作战行动,也是军事学的重要研究对象,所以在此重点阐述了军事学中的电子对抗研究要点,分析了电子战装备在技术与战术上紧密结合的特点,突显了电子战历史研究的重要作用与地位,反映了电子对抗专业在社会科学中的重要属性,以及相对于雷达专业与通信专业的独到之处。事实上电子对抗处于工学与军事学的交叉点上,同时也是自然科学与社会科学共同关注与研究的对象,这体现出了电子对抗专业独特的广博性与交融性,以上分析为该专业的后续发展与长期建设提供了另一个维度的参考。

关键词： Labelling   teachers' efficacy   essentialism   ADHD   Dyslexia  

摘要： In this paper, we report an investigation of the possible influence on teachers' essentialist thinking and efficacy beliefs of category labels used to describe children's educational difficulties. A 2x2x2 counterbalanced design was employed in which primary school teachers in Finland and the UK were exposed to vignettes that portrayed a child exhibiting difficulties in one of two domains: either behaviour or reading. Vignettes were presented in two versions. In one, the child was labelled as having either 'ADHD' or 'Dyslexia';in the alternate condition, no such label was ascribed, descriptions were identical in all other respects. Participating teachers were presented with two vignettes, one from each domain and in each condition. Responses to measures of Efficacy and Essentialist beliefs were solicited. Overall responses indicated that category labels evoked stronger essentialist beliefs but did not influence teachers' efficacy beliefs. Finnish teachers reported stronger essentialist and lower efficacy beliefs than their counterparts in the UK.

关键词： 工程管理   范畴   重要性  

摘要： 面对频繁发生的建筑工程安全事故,国家提高了对建筑工程质量的重视,对建筑行业的质量标准也做出了新的要求。而工程管理是控制建筑质量的有效手段,在建筑工程建设中是一项不可替代的工作。本文通过对工程管理范畴的确定以及工程管理重要性的分析,明确工程管理的具体工作内容,保障工程管理的有效落实。

关键词： 中学英语   课程标准   教学设计   认知范畴观   隐喻论  

摘要： 在我国的高中英语教学中，词汇教学一直是在传统教学模式和方法下进行的，学生经历的仍旧是死记硬背，这样陈旧、老套的教学模式无法促进学生高效的词汇学习，也严重影响了学生的语言能力发展。因此，创新高中英语词汇教学已经刻不容缓。认知语言学中的隐喻和范畴化是人类基本的认知方式，是人类建构语言的基本工具和手段,为高中英语词汇教学提供了许多有益的帮助。\n 本文的研究目的在于探索高中英语教学中运用范畴观和隐喻论对词汇进行教学的效果。具体来说，该研究将从基本范畴词汇的构建扩展到词汇多义间的紧密联系和文化内涵方面，讨论范畴理论和隐喻理论对高中英语词汇教学的影响。\n 本次实验持续两个月，107名高一的学生参加，他们被分为实验组(n=55)和控制组(n=52)。本次实验包含一次有关词汇学习的问卷调查和两次词汇测试。基于实验前的问卷调查，可以判断出学生词汇学习的相关现状和问题。实验组采用认知范畴观和隐喻论的相关理论进行词汇教学，而控制组则采用传统的词汇方法。前后测试均由一位老师根据标准答案进行评判。\n 问卷表明学生们对词汇学习感到枯燥乏味，认为要记住单词就只能死记硬背，没有系统的学习方法和策略作为指导。实验后测成绩表明，与传统词汇教学相比，在范畴观和隐喻论的认知语言学理论指导下的词汇教学效果更佳(P＜.05)，有助于学生提高英语学习兴趣和词汇量，更有助于学生增强词汇知识，包括对词汇的结构特点和构词方法以及更有助与学生提高语言输出能力。

关键词： Dynamics  

摘要： Southern U.S. speech has been the focus of much sociophonetic work. In terms of vowel patterns, Southern speech is often characterized by the Southern Vowel Shift (SVS, involving shifts in /e/, /e/, and /a?/), back vowel fronting, and changes in glide dynamics. The SVS, in particular, is said to play a primary role in distinguishing the South as a unique dialect region. However, there have been few investigations of the role of various vowel quality differences in perceptions of Southern accent, particularly across the vowel space beyond /e/, /e/, and /a?/, or that ask whether any aggregate speaker-level acoustic measures align with listeners' perceptions, despite some suggestions in the literature to this effect. The current study examines what acoustic cues contribute to non-Southern listeners' evaluations of words spoken by Southerners as sounding more or less Southern accented, looking at a range of vowels from across the vowel space. Results indicate that listeners rate the speakers' productions of /u/ and /LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O/ as most Southern and that vowel dynamics and speaker-level measures were the acoustic factors most predictive of Southernness ratings. These results together call for further work examining vowel dynamics and a more complete set of vowel categories in perception studies of Southern speech.

关键词： categories of blood pressure   chronic kidney disease   hypertension   target organs' injury  

摘要： Background. The 2017 high blood pressure (BP) clinical practice guideline reported by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association put forward new categories of BP. This study aimed to assess the applicability of the new guideline in a nondialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) population. Methods. This is a nationwide, multicenter, cross-sectional study with a large sample. A total of 8927 nondialysis CKD patients in 61 tertiary hospitals in all 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions of China (except Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) were analyzed. The categories of BP were defined as normal BP (<120/80 mmHg), elevated BP [systolic BP (SBP) 120-130 and diastolic BP (DBP) <80 mmHg], and Stage 1 (SBP 130-139 or DBP 80-89 mmHg) and Stage 2 (SBP >= 140 or DBP >= 90mmHg) hypertension. The prevalence and control of hypertension were estimated using a new definition, and the association between the main target organs' injury and new categories of BP was analyzed. Results. The prevalence, awareness and treatment of hypertension in nondialysis CKD patients were 79.8, 72.4 and 68.3%, respectively. Approximately 11.9% had BP <130/80 mmHg and 6.6% had BP <120/80 mmHg. Subgroups by categories of BP had significant differences in age, sex, body mass index category, primary cause and CKD stage (P<0.001). After multivariable adjustment, only Stage 2 hypertension was associated with decreased renal function [odds ratio (OR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-3.0, P<0.001], cardiovascular disease (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.1, P = 0.001) and cerebrovascular disease (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2-5.8, P = 0.015). Conclusions. Using the new definition of hypertension, the higher prevalence and lower control of hypertension were shown in nondialysis CKD participants. More studies are necessary to confirmthe applicability of new categories of BP in CKD population because only Stage 2 hypertension showed statistical association with the main target organs' injury.

关键词： categorization   category dynamics   category viability   coherence   distinctiveness  

摘要： In a growing body of literature on categorization in organization theory, researchers are exploring the stabilizing role of categories and the processes by which they emerge. Because the literature focuses mainly on categories that emerge successfully or are already established, we know much less about why categories fall out of use or fail to emerge. Rather than viewing declining usage or failed emergence as different processes, we argue that they are two aspects of the single problem of understanding what makes a category viable. Focusing on the coherence of the items included in a category and how distinct they are compared to items in other categories, we develop the concept of category viability and argue that viable categories are those found useful for sensemaking, analysis, and coordination because they balance both coherence and distinctiveness to fall within what we call a zone of viability. To illustrate how category viability helps explain both change and continuity of categories, we also offer a framework to describe the process by which categories move in or out of the zone of viability with deliberate actions or with shifting circumstances that change their members or positions relative to other categories.

关键词： Grammatical categories   Prosody   Phrasing   Acoustic phonetics   Frequency effects   Speech production   Homophones  

摘要： This paper is concerned with phonetic correlates of grammatical category, specifically the finding that nouns are pronounced with greater duration than verbs in discourse. Most previous research has attributed this difference to the sentence positions that the two grammatical categories occupy and concomitant prosodic effects. Based on previous findings, we test two further effects, namely a category-specific effect on prosodic phrasing, which leads to stronger prosodic boundaries after nouns than verbs even in maximally similar syntactic contexts, and a reductive effect of lexical frequency leading to shorter durations of the more frequent word. These effects are tested in a production study investigating durational differences of twelve noun verb homophone pairs in English in two clause-medial contexts. We find evidence for both effects: prosodic boundaries are stronger after nouns than verbs across all conditions, resulting in greater durations of nouns due to pre-boundary lengthening. Furthermore, differences in frequency result in a reduced duration of the homophone of the pair which has the greater frequency. We propose an explanation in which phonetic effects of grammatical category are caused by the interplay of sentence prosody, category-specific prosodic phrasing and lexical frequency. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

摘要： Children are capable of viewing object ownership as categorical and exclusive, but ownership claims can also vary by degree. This study investigated how children use these different conceptions of ownership in a giving and a taking task. In two studies, 4- to 7-year olds (N = 105) could give and take craft objects that they or another child had found (weaker claim) and made (stronger claim). In Study 1, no additional ownership information was given, and in Study 2 categorical ownership was stated ("these belong to you"). The results showed that children used categorical ownership for their own objects but used ownership strength for the other child's objects, taking more of the found items.

摘要： We study the truncation functors and show the existence of projective cover with a finite Verma flag of each irreducible module in parabolic BGG category O over infinite rank Lie algebra of types a, b, c, d. Moreover, O is a Koszul category. As a consequence, the corresponding parabolic BGG category (O) over bar over infinite rank Lie superalgebra of types a, b, c, d through the super duality is also a Koszul category. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.