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关键词： coordination   selection   category mismatches   ellipsis   linear order  

摘要： We reexamine cases of coordinated elements that do not match in syntactic category. We show that these fall into two types. The first type includes predicates, modifiers in the clausal domain, and such modifiers apparently coordinated with arguments. We argue that these do not actually involve coordination of unlike categories. The second type involves coordinated arguments of different categories. With this type, unlike the first, noninitial conjuncts may violate selectional restrictions. To account for these violations, researchers have typically posited a special status for the first conjunct in a coordinate structure, such that it alone can determine the category of the coordinate phrase. We show that such accounts are untenable. First, the final conjunct can be what matters for selection, if it is closest to the selecting or selected element. Second, category mismatches are not free, but are extremely limited and exactly match those observed in ellipsis and displacement. This calls for a uniform account of these mismatches, not one specific to coordination. We spell out such an analysis, in which displacement, ellipsis, and coordination permit certain categories to behave as certain other categories through their effects on null syntactic heads.

关键词： Auslander-Reiten theory   Quasi-abelian category   Krull-Schmidt category   Irreducible morphism   Auslander-Reiten sequence   Cluster category  

摘要： We generalise some of the theory developed for abelian categories in papers of Auslander and Reiten to semi-abelian and quasi-abelian categories. In addition, we generalise some Auslander-Reiten theory results of S. Liu for Krull-Schmidt categories by removing the Horn-finite and indecomposability restrictions. Finally, we give equivalent characterisations of Auslander-Reiten sequences in a quasiabelian, Krull-Schmidt category. Crown Copyright (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Free logic   Classical higher-order logic   Category theory   Interactive and automated theorem proving  

摘要： A shallow semantical embedding of free logic in classical higher-order logic is presented, which enables the off-the-shelf application of higher-order interactive and automated theorem provers for the formalisation and verification of free logic theories. Subsequently, this approach is applied to a selected domain of mathematics: starting from a generalization of the standard axioms for a monoid we present a stepwise development of various, mutually equivalent foundational axiom systems for category theory. As a side-effect of this work some (minor) issues in a prominent category theory textbook have been revealed. The purpose of this article is not to claim any novel results in category theory, but to demonstrate an elegant way to "implement" and utilize interactive and automated reasoning in free logic, and to present illustrative experiments.

关键词： Uncanny valley   Human-robot interaction   Categorical perception   Cognitive conflict  

摘要： Humanlike but not perfectly human agents frequently evoke feelings of eeriness, a phenomenon termed the Uncanny Valley (UV). The Categorical Perception Hypothesis proposes that effects associated with the UV are due to uncertainty as to whether to categorize agents falling into the valley as "human" or "nonhuman". However, since UV studies have traditionally looked at agents of varying human-likeness, it remains unclear whether UV-related effects are due to categorical uncertainty in general or are specifically evoked by categorizations that require decisions regarding an agent's human-likeness. Here, we used mouse tracking to determine whether agent spectra with (i.e., robot-human) and without (i.e., robot-animal and robot-stuffed animal) a human endpoint cause phenomena related to categorical perception to comparable extents. Specifically, we compared human and nonhuman agent spectra with respect to existence and location of a category boundary (H1-1 and H2-1), as well as the magnitude of cognitive conflict around the boundary (H1-2 and H2-2). The results show that human and nonhuman spectra exhibit category boundaries (H1-1) at which cognitive conflict is higher than for less ambiguous parts of the spectra (H1-2). However, in human agent spectra cognitive conflict maxima were more pronounced than for nonhuman agent spectra (H2-1) and category boundaries were shifted towards the human endpoint of the spectrum (H2-2). Overall, these results suggest a quantitatively, though not qualitatively, different categorization process for spectra containing human endpoints. Possible reasons and the impact for virtual and robotic agent design are discussed.

关键词： muscle foods   redmeat   white meat   fish   poultry   dietary guidance   food group terminology   dietary intake assessment   animal proteins   flesh foods  

摘要： This systematic review and landscape analysis describes patterns in dietary meat (skeletal muscle and associated tissues from mammalian, avian, and aquatic species;i.e., muscle foods) categories (CAT) and descriptions (DESCR) used throughout nutrition-related chronic disease literature, as there is anecdotally noted variation. A total of 1020 CAT and 776 DESCR were identified from 369 articles that assessed muscle food consumption and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, or cancer in adults >= 19 y from PubMed, Cochrane, and CINAHL up to March 2018. Specificity of CAT was analyzed on an empirical 1-7 ordinal scale as: 1) broad/undescriptive, "fish";2) muscle food type, "red meat";3) species, "poultry";4) broad + 1 descriptor, "processed meat";5) type/species + 1 descriptor, "fresh redmeat";6) broad/type + 2 descriptors, "poached lean fish";and 7) specific product, "luncheon meat." Median CAT specificity for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies (OBSs) was 3 and 2 points out of 7, respectively, with no differences between chronic disease types. Specificity of OBS CAT was higher in recent articles but RCT CAT became less specific starting in the 2000s. RCT CAT were 400% more likely to include species, 500% more likely to include leanness, but 400% less likely to include processing degree compared with OBS CAT. A DESCR was included for 76% and 82% of OBS and RCT CAT, respectively. Researchers described processed meat, red meat, and total meat CAT more commonly than poultry or fish CAT. Among processed meat DESCR, 31% included a common term used in public regulatory definitions. In conclusion, muscle food categories and descriptions are substantively different within and between experimental and observational studies and do not match regulatory definitions. A practical muscle food classification system is warranted to improve interpretation of evidence regarding muscle food consumption and chronic disease.

关键词： Sectional category   Rational homotopy theory   Universal fibration   Halperin conjecture   Lusternik-Schnirelmann category  

摘要： We prove that the (reduced) rational sectional category of the universal fibration with fibre X, for X any space that satisfies a well-known conjecture of Halperin, equals one.

关键词： Hepatocellular carcinoma   Deep learning   X-ray computed tomography   Magnetic resonance imaging  

摘要： PurposeTo develop a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model to categorize multiphase CT and MRI liver observations using the liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS) (version 2014).MethodsA pre-existing dataset comprising 314 hepatic observations (163 CT, 151 MRI) with corresponding diameters and LI-RADS categories (LR-1-5) assigned in consensus by two LI-RADS steering committee members was used to develop two CNNs: pre-trained network with an input of triple-phase images (training with transfer learning) and custom-made network with an input of quadruple-phase images (training from scratch). The dataset was randomly split into training, validation, and internal test sets (70:15:15 split). The overall accuracy and area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were assessed for categorizing LR-1/2, LR-3, LR-4, and LR-5. External validation was performed for the model with the better performance on the internal test set using two external datasets (EXT-CT and EXT-MR: 68 and 44 observations, respectively).ResultsThe transfer learning model outperformed the custom-made model: overall accuracy of 60.4% and AUROCs of 0.85, 0.90, 0.63, 0.82 for LR-1/2, LR-3, LR-4, LR-5, respectively. On EXT-CT, the model had an overall accuracy of 41.2% and AUROCs of 0.70, 0.66, 0.60, 0.76 for LR-1/2, LR-3, LR-4, LR-5, respectively. On EXT-MR, the model had an overall accuracy of 47.7% and AUROCs of 0.88, 0.74, 0.69, 0.79 for LR-1/2, LR-3, LR-4, LR-5, *** study shows the feasibility of CNN for assigning LI-RADS categories from a relatively small dataset but highlights the challenges of model development and validation.

关键词： meta-analysis   risk of malignancy   thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)   Thy terminology   United Kingdom  

摘要： Background The UK Royal College of Pathologists Thy terminology for reporting thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), first published in 2009 is used throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland, in some parts of Italy and Switzerland and elsewhere. There is no review of the literature or meta-analysis of the risk of malignancy (ROM) in the various categories of the UK Thy terminology. The goal of this study was to establish the published ROM for each Thy category and compare the results with other existing terminology systems for which similar meta-analyses are available. Methods A comprehensive literature search of online databases was conducted in May 2019 to examine the ROMs for histologically proven nodules with preoperative FNAC classified according to the UK Thy terminology. Results Twenty-five articles were identified that showed results of both cytology and histology. Twelve of these articles were excluded to prevent a selection bias because they showed data in just 1 Thy category. In the remaining 13 articles, the pooled ROMs were as follows: Thy1, 12% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5%-22%);Thy2, 5% (95% CI, 3%-9%);Thy3, 22% (95% CI, 18%-26%);Thy3a, 25% (95% CI, 20%-31%);Thy3f, 31% (95% CI, 24%-39%);Thy4, 79% (95% CI, 70%-87%);and Thy5, 98% (95% CI, 97%-99%). Conclusions This meta-analysis shows results comparable to those of meta-analyses of other internationally recognized reporting terminologies for the pooled ROMs for surgically excised nodules in the various Thy reporting categories. There is comparatively little difference (only 6%) between the pooled ROMs of Thy3a and Thy3f surgically excised nodules.

关键词： Rater effects   Rating scales   Performance assessment   Rubrics  

摘要： Analytic rubrics for writing assessments are intended to provide diagnostic information regarding students' strengths and weaknesses related to several domains, such as the meaning and mechanics of their composition. Although individual domains refer to unique aspects of student writing, the same rating scales are often applied across different domains. Accordingly, the interpretation of rating scale categories is intended to be invariant across domains. However, this hypothesis is rarely examined empirically. The purpose of this study is to illustrate and explore methods for evaluating the degree to which raters apply a common rating scale consistently across domains in analytic writing assessments. Data from a rater training procedure for a rater-mediated writing assessment serve as a case study for the illustrative analyses. Results indicated a lack of invariance in rating scale category functioning across domains for several raters in both examples. Implications are discussed in terms of how evidence of differential rating scale category use can be used to inform rater training and assessment development procedures.

摘要： We examine the process of organizational image formation for new ventures entering an emerging organizational category. An emerging organizational category is usually initiated by a pioneering venture that adopts a new organizational form. If that venture garners early recognition, it serves as an exemplar, attracting other ventures to enter the emerging category. Those ventures then have to formulate an image that both accounts for and competes with that of the category exemplar. This article describes how ventures form their images in the face of this tension. We examine this tension using qualitative data from eight new U.S. venture accelerators entering the emergent venture accelerator category, which revealed that image formation in an emerging organizational category involves three basic considerations: (1) emulation, (2) experimentation, and (3) divergence. Through emulation, organizations observe and rely on the exemplar in order to capture legitimacy. Through experimentation, organizations consider who they are beyond the exemplar and how they might change. Through divergence, organizations definitively claim and establish a unique image. From this, a conceptual framework is proposed in which organizational and contextual factors influence image formation actions and decisions.