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关键词： 范畴   逻辑范畴   教育   教养   教学  

摘要： 在习俗的教育用语中,通常把"教育""教养"和称为"教学"的教-学活动,泛称"教育",即所谓广义的"教育"。其实,"教育"和"教养"指称的是不同的对象,"教育""教养"同"教学"的性质不同。前两者为价值观念,后者为中性概念,"教育""教养"为衡量教-学活动的价值标准。所以"教育""教养"和"教学"作为教育学的基本概念,属于教育学的逻辑范畴。本文按照教育学历史形成的逻辑范畴,尝试对以夸美纽斯《大教学论》、赫尔巴特《普通教育学》为代表的教育名著进行分析,并现身说法,表述自己通过破译教育学的逻辑范畴,逐步走近专业性质教育学的过程。

关键词： 判断   评价系统   社会尊严   能力性   结盟   人际功能  

摘要： 判断范畴隶属于评价理论的态度子系统,关注人的行为,它分为社会尊严和社会约束两个类别。社会尊严中包括能力性,可以作为具体的语篇分析工具研究以词汇为主要语义资源且看重能力性的英文简历。该文证实了简历这类语篇是一种语言评价系统的实例化,反之,我们可以利用评价理论的可操作性,在求职者实际制作英文简历时,参照评价理论的判断范畴,尤其是能力性的词汇资源来构成语义,达到影响招聘者并与之结盟的目的,实现人际功能。

关键词： 陆九渊“心学”   康德“自由意志”  

摘要： 陆九渊心学中"心"的概念极为重要,用当今的语言简要概括,"心"至少涵盖了知情意三种功能。除此之外,"心"的提出亦有宇宙本体的背景在其中。与"心"的概念最为相应、内涵最为相似的西方哲学范畴大概就是"自由意志",但即便如此,二者仍有明显的区别。而"自由意志"的内涵也经历了一个不断更新的过程。为了能够将二者进行更为准确的比较,本文尝试选取西方哲学家康德的"自由意志"与陆九渊之"心"进行多方位的比较研究。

关键词： 体能   体能训练   运动训练学   概念   范畴  

摘要： 中国与国际体能理论与实践正在快速整合发展当中,本研究从理论源头梳理体能概念、范畴产生、形成和发展,研究其本质属性,明确其研究范畴.本研究从历史背景、概念辨析等方面入手对体能与体能范畴进行逻辑分析;结果认为:1)基于体能概念要体现体能的本质属性和思维形式,研究认为体能的本质属性是运动能力;体能的思维形式的主体是身体、形式是活动、特征是表现.研究认为体能概念的界定的要素是身体、活动、表现、运动能力,所以概念可以界定为是身体在活动中所表现出来的运动能力.2)体能的研究范畴是飞速发展的,现有的研究范畴一般包括和健康有关的体能、运动成绩有关的体能两个方面;在运动训练领域是竞技能力的重要组成部分.中国体能研究受益于美国体能研究,但还需辩证鉴别吸收;美国的体能研究不纠结于体能概念本身,更加关注训练方法和实际效果;3)功能训练是体能训练范畴,功能训练还属于一种体能训练的新理念.

关键词： 《资本论》   政治经济学范畴   中国特色社会主义政治经济学  

摘要： 马克思在《资本论》中使用的范畴来自对古典政治经济学的继承、改造与创新,并基于此构建了马克思主义经济学的范畴体系。中国特色社会主义政治经济学的范畴构建,要以《资本论》中经济学范畴为主体,借鉴和利用西方经济学的范畴与术语,从中国特色社会主义经济建设的实践出发,用科学的范畴体系奠定话语体系的坚实基础。

关键词： Coarse space   Ballean   Coarse category   Closure operator   Product   Equalizer   Pullback   Cowellpoweredness   Wellpoweredness  

摘要： We consider two categories: the category Coarse of coarse spaces and bornologous maps and its quotient category Coarse/similar to, where similar to is the closeness relation. This paper tackles the problem of their wellpoweredness and cowellpoweredness. In particular, we show that all the epireflective subcategories of Coarse are cowellpowered, using a complete characterization of closure operators of Coarse, while Coarse/similar to is both wellpowered and cowellpowered. Moreover, we prove that Coarse/similar to has neither equalizers nor pullbacks of subobjects, although it has arbitrary products. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Symmetric group   full transformation monoid   pseudoforest   pretorsion theory  

摘要： Several elementary properties of the symmetric group S-n extend in a nice way to the full transformation monoid M-n of all maps of the set X := {1,2,3, ..., n} into itself. The group S-n turns out to be the torsion part of the monoid M-n. That is, there is a pretorsion theory in the category of all maps f :X -> X, X an arbitrary finite set, in which bijections are exactly the torsion objects.

关键词： Language   Prediction   Syntactic entropy   Arabic   Visual M100   MEG  

摘要： Though recent years have seen a growth in research on predictive processes in language comprehension, their scope and mechanisms remain partially elusive. While mechanisms involved in predicting specific words are relatively well understood, those underlying syntactic prediction are still unclear. In part, this is because of the difficulty in designing experiments that manipulate syntactic predictability while controlling other variables. In this MEG study, we achieved this with a manipulation of syntactic category predictability within fully well-formed expressions of Standard Arabic. Participants read sentences beginning with a subject-adjective context, in which the presence of at least one of two possible cues (gender-incongruity and/or an intervening relative pronoun) was sufficient for predicting a target word's syntactic category. Absence of both cues (i.e., congruent subject-adjective context with no relative pronoun) increased uncertainty about the target's syntactic category. Using source analysis, we compared activity evoked by targets with predictable and unpredictable categories in the occipital lobe. We found an interaction effect consistent with previous findings: in the primary visual cortex, an early evoked component (visual M100) is enhanced only when the syntactic category was unpredictable. We also compared responses to pre-target predictive and unpredictive contexts across five bilateral frontal and temporal regions. In the right-hemispheric frontal region, we found a temporal cluster (similar to 230 ms after adjective onset), where unpredictive contexts elicited more activation than predictive contexts. By hypothesis elimination, we conclude that the most likely variable driving this effect is syntactic entropy. Our results show that predictive mechanisms recruited during reading also involve predicting upcoming syntactic categories, implicating at least two cortical regions: the left visual cortex and the right frontal cortex.

关键词： Quantum event structures   Complementarity   Adjoint functors   Kochen-Specker theorem   Boolean frames   Local-global relation   Realist account  

摘要： This study aims to provide an analysis of the complementarity principle in quantum theory through the establishment of partial structural congruence relations between the quantum and Boolean kinds of event structure. Specifically, on the basis of the existence of a categorical adjunction between the category of quantum event algebras and the category of presheaves of variable Boolean event algebras, we establish a twofold complementarity scheme consisting of a generalized/global and a restricted/local conceptual dimension, where the latter conception is subordinate to and constrained by the former. In this respect, complementarity is not only understood as a relation between mutually exclusive experimental arrangements or contexts of comeasurable observables, as envisaged by the original conception, but it is primarily comprehended as a reciprocal relation concerning information transfer between two hierarchically different structural kinds of event structure that can be brought into partial congruence by means of the established adjunction. It is further argued that the proposed category-theoretic framework of complementarity naturally advances a contextual realist conceptual stance towards our deeper understanding of the microphysical nature of reality.

关键词： Person-following robot   human-robot interaction   human detection and tracking  

摘要： A wide range of human-robot collaborative applications in diverse domains, such as manufacturing, health care, the entertainment industry, and social interactions, require an autonomous robot to follow its human companion. Different working environments and applications pose diverse challenges by adding constraints on the choice of sensors, degree of autonomy, and dynamics of a person-following robot. Researchers have addressed these challenges in many ways and contributed to the development of a large body of literature. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the literature by categorizing different aspects of person-following by autonomous robots. Also, the corresponding operational challenges are identified based on various design choices for ground, underwater, and aerial scenarios. In addition, state-of-the-art methods for perception, planning, control, and interaction are elaborately discussed and their applicability in varied operational scenarios is presented. Then some of the prominent methods are qualitatively compared, corresponding practicalities are illustrated, and their feasibility is analyzed for various use cases. Furthermore, several prospective application areas are identified, and open problems are highlighted for future research.