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关键词： Body perception   Face perception   EBA   FBA   OFA   FFA  

摘要： Our visual system can easily categorize objects (e.g. faces vs. bodies) and further differentiate them into subcategories (e.g. male vs. female). This ability is particularly important for objects of social significance, such as human faces and bodies. While many studies have demonstrated category selectivity to faces and bodies in the brain, how subcategories of faces and bodies are represented remains unclear. Here, we investigated how the brain encodes two prominent subcategories shared by both faces and bodies, sex and weight, and whether neural responses to these subcategories rely on low-level visual, high-level visual or semantic similarity. We recorded brain activity with fMRI while participants viewed faces and bodies that varied in sex, weight, and image size. The results showed that the sex of bodies can be decoded from both body- and face-responsive brain areas, with the former exhibiting more consistent size-invariant decoding than the latter. Body weight could also be decoded in face-responsive areas and in distributed body-responsive areas, and this decoding was also invariant to image size. The weight of faces could be decoded from the fusiform body area (FBA), and weight could be decoded across face and body stimuli in the extrastriate body area (EBA) and a distributed body-responsive area. The sex of well-controlled faces (e.g. excluding hairstyles) could not be decoded from face- or body-responsive regions. These results demonstrate that both face- and body-responsive brain regions encode information that can distinguish the sex and weight of bodies. Moreover, the neural patterns corresponding to sex and weight were invariant to image size and could sometimes generalize across face and body stimuli, suggesting that such subcategorical information is encoded with a high-level visual or semantic code.

摘要： Language processing recruits a core fronto-temporal cortical network, which is complemented by a distributed network of modality-specific areas (such as the motor cortex) to encode referential aspects of meaning. Since most studies typically focus on already fully-formed adult vocabulary, it remains unclear how and when exactly modality-specific areas become involved in language processing. Here, we addressed this question using a 3D virtual environment game to teach adult participants new action verbs and object nouns. To test the role of primary motor cortex (M1) in selectively encoding aspects of action verb meaning early on in the process of word learning, we delivered theta-burst stimulation to three groups of participants prior to learning: M1 TMS, active control TMS, and sham TMS. Our results show that TMS of M1 (but not active or sham controls) interferes with the learning process, as indexed by measures of movement kinematics and a higher number of errors during training. Thus, TMS disruption of M1 degrades learning outcomes when motor information is an integral part of lexico-semantic encoding. This effect was corroborated in a subsequent lexical decision task, which showed significant group- and word-category RT differences, suggesting category-specific effects of TMS on word learning. Overall, our study demonstrates the M1's causal involvement in the earliest phases of word learning and rapid encoding of semantic motor information.

关键词： Green advertising   Green brands   Greenwashing   Personal care   Pseudo green players  

摘要： Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present a view point on greenwashing practices used by pseudo green players to gain competitive advantage. Design/methodology/approach: The paper presents a description of various tactics of greenwashing and suggest some strategies for real green companies to differentiate themselves. Findings: Although there is a huge market available for green products, greenwashing brings a tough challenge for real green companies. This paper highlights various tactics used by pseudo green players to get competitive advantage with minimum green effort. Practical implications: Real green companies are not able to differentiate themselves and thus lose market share. Originality/value: The paper offers some strategies to tackle the challenges posed by greenwashing behavior. © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited.

关键词： Unsupervised outlier detection   Categorical data   Neural probabilistic model  

摘要： Unsupervised outlier detection for categorical data is important and essential for broad applications in various domains. The complex interactions between attributes and the relevance of attributes make it a stem challenge. Existing methods, including patterns-based and couplings-based methods, either fail to capture the complex interactions or cannot handle the diverse attributes well. In this paper, we propose a novel Neural Probabilistic Outlier Detection method for categorical data, called NPOD. We present a new log-bilinear neural model to learn the categorical distributions, and we observe that the inliers and the outliers can be well separated according to learning loss. Based on this basic observation, we give both empirical and theoretical analysis and present a new neural network architecture that captures the interactions of attributes. Moreover, the discriminative information is used in the proposed bias training process to make the inliers and the outliers more separable. Lastly, to distinguish relevance of attributes, two indicators are proposed for computing ensemble outlier score to get a reliable result. Experimental results show that NPOD significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art competitors on 12 real-world data sets in terms of AUC and P@k. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 原型范畴理论   语篇特征   说明文   记叙   描写   议论  

摘要： 不同文体之间是可以相互转换的。说明文有原型语篇和非原型语篇之分,说明文非原型语篇主要是由语篇中多种文体之间的渗透所致。以《高级英语》中的说明文语篇为例,指出说明文非原型语篇是如何向着记叙、描写和议论偏离的。

关键词： 显赫范畴   左右   跨文化表意  

摘要： 在东、西方语言文字中,以方位词"左""右"为词根,衍生出大量相关的词汇。本文根据语言库藏类型学中显赫范畴理论,在中、日、英三种语言中的"左""右"跨文化表意层面,挖掘其在表达地理方位、尊卑、帮助、优劣势、吉祥与诅咒、激进与保守、安乐与高雅、生与死等方面的语义扩张情况,探索跨文化研究方向。

关键词： 健康文化   生命哲学   语义学   范畴   张力  

摘要： 健康文化是生命文化的组成部分,包括健康的语义学辨析,以厘清其内涵的丰富性,外延的不确定性、复杂性,继而探究人类健康理念衍进的递进性、从生命要素拓展到生命流程、服务方位,社会组织形式等,建构健康的范畴与张力,尤其需要深入洞悉特有的健康伦理境遇,如健康隐匿现象,并引发对健康乌托邦的警觉以及对健康主义的反思。

关键词： 颜色范畴知觉效应   双侧化   Whorf假设   纳西族   汉族  

摘要： 采用色环搜索单任务和双任务范式,考察语言中区分蓝、绿的汉族和语言中蓝、绿混用的纳西族对蓝色和绿色的辨别是否存在颜色范畴知觉效应(Categorical perception,以下简称为CP效应)。结果发现:(1)纳西族对蓝色和绿色的区分比汉族困难,体现了语言的作用;(2)语言中蓝、绿混用的纳西族与语言中区分蓝、绿的汉族都出现显著的蓝绿CP效应;(3)两个民族被试的左视野的CP效应受到图形记忆次任务的显著干扰,说明左视野的CP效应与右脑激活有关。整个研究表明,颜色CP效应既存在普遍的知觉机制,也存在语言驱动机制,语言的作用存在直接效应。研究结果支持颜色词与颜色认知的相互作用理论。

关键词： 康定斯基   抽象美学   写意美学   核心范畴   比较研究  

摘要： 西方现代抽象主义艺术的奠基人康定斯基的抽象美学与中国画写意美学均具有"主体性""表现性"的审美特征,但是通过比较研究其美学核心范畴可以发现,滋生中西艺术美学文化土壤的不同造就了二者从内在精神到外在形式以及整体构成上的差异性。研究康定斯基的"内在需要"与中国写意画的"中得心源"的核心区别,深入探析二者分别对其形式语言、布局构成和综合艺术表现产生了怎样的影响,进而进一步厘清"非具象抽象"与"似与不似之间"、"隐性结构"与"置陈布势"、"综合艺术"与"诗画本一律"各自的审美特征和美学创造性,目的在于厘清二者的艺术精髓和精神所在,从而为中西艺术美学差异性的祛魅研究以及中国画现代写意体系的建构和中国写意精神的国际化传播理路的梳理抛引玉之砖。

关键词： 园林建筑设计   教学现状   教学改革  

摘要： 园林建筑设计是城市园林专业非常关键的课程。建筑设计专业与园林专业学生的知识体系和就业方向完全不同,所以建筑园林的景观设计,课程的教学内容和教学目标与园林专业相比具有比较突出的特点。对于园林建筑设计专业而言,首先需要加强对学生设计素养的培养,确保在园林建筑设计中可以与景观加强有效的融合,在学习过程中可以借鉴中国古典园林的设计方法,加强对学生设计水平的提升。文章主要对园林建筑设计的教学范畴以及教学改革进行探索。