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摘要： Jüdische Kinder in Erez Israel was the last overtly Jewish-themed photobook published in Germany before the Holocaust. Although it consists only of a six-page introduction by the scholar-activist Bertha Badt-Strauß, one page of captions, and twenty-one photographs by photographer Nachum 'Tim' Gidal of adorable young children in Mandatory Palestine, its propaganda mission transcends its diminutive size and surface superficiality. This article interprets this photobook as an example of the photo essay, a modernist form that emerged from Weimar Germany's unique media environment, in which photographs assumed rhetorical and argumentative functions generally associated with written language. To encourage German Jews and particularly German-Jewish women to emigrate, Jüdische Kinder in Erez Israel creates an allegory of the children's vulnerability by eliciting responses associated with the minor aesthetic category of 'cuteness'. To this end, it draws on two important photo essay genres of interwar Germany: photobooks and illustrated magazine photostories about cute children and about Palestine. By synthesizing these discourses, Gidal and Badt-Strauß create a cultural artifact that aims to establish positive, affective relationships between German-Jewish readers and Mandatory Palestine, and to convince the former to visualize and embrace the latter as they might imagine their own children. In this way, Jüdische Kinder in Erez Israel broadens our understandings of both the media constellation from which photo essays emerged, and how this form helped broaden the visual lexicon and aesthetic strategies central to the project of Jewish cultural and political regeneration. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Leo Baeck Institute. All rights reserved.

关键词： 网络意见人士   统战工作,思路探析  

摘要： 互联时代,网络意见人士与日俱增,成为网络平台上越来越重要的政治参与群体。网络意见人士来自社会不同阶层,具有思想观念多元化、政治参与意愿强烈、社会责任感较强等特征。但是也有部分网络意见人士存在一些不利于和谐社会建设的言论和行为。因此,做好他们的统战工作,使他们的发声和行为与社会主义建设相适应意义重大。文章在梳理当前存在的问题基础上,提出加强舆论监管、培养专业人才的工作思路。

关键词： 成本管理   成本意识   成本避免  

摘要： 近年来,随着社会的进一步发展,我国各方面的发展异常迅速,此种背景下,经济、企业组织体系都发生了明显的变化,这也推动了成本管理体系改变,现代管理方法的形成。基于此,本文立足于成本管理角度,分析了现代成本管理的八大范畴,研究了理想管理模式基本运行问题,希望本文的论述,可以推动成本管理建设的良好发展。

关键词： 范畴   形容动词   家族相似性   语义特征  

摘要： 本文基于原型范畴理论,运用家族相似性和连续性对日语中的二字形容动词存在的「ナ」「ノ」摇摆现象进行了考察。在将形容动词进行分类处理后,认为「ナ」「ノ」摇摆与词的性质特征和语义特征有关,并可以通过后续词来判断在选择「ナ」「ノ」时所表达的语义有何差异。

关键词： 翻译活动   广义范畴定义   译介特征  

摘要： 狭窄的翻译定义既不利于赢得译者的自我认同,也无益处于引发外界的认同与对翻译真正社会价值作用的挖掘与揭示。在采取广泛翻译定义范畴和雅各布森符号学翻译活动类型划分的基础上,以《哈利·波特》系列为例,阐释作品译介的形式与展现出的新特征。分析表明,广泛范畴翻译定义下,翻译的内涵与内部核心元素均被重新定义,内涵逐步扩大与深化;语内、语际、符际三种翻译形式独立广泛存在且频繁相互作用,相互融合与促进;翻译起到了比起普通认知更大的多产业连接作用、满足读者需求的传递作用和促进全球合作的生产力作用。

关键词： Dual phase deep learning   Data-driven analysis   Subcategory driven analysis   Proteome (PAM50) genetic analysis   Regularized representation learning  

摘要： Tumor subclass detection and diagnosis is inevitable requirement for personalized medical treatment and refinement of the effects that the somatic cells show towards other clinical conditions. The genome of these somatic cells exhibits mutations and genetic variations of the breast cancer cells and helps in understanding the characteristic behavior of the cancer cells. But their analysis is limited to clustering and there is requirement to analyze what else can be done with the data for identifying the tumor subcategory and the stages of subclasses. In this work, we have extended the work with similar data (consisting of 105 breast tumor cell lines) to solve other detection and characterization problems through computation and intelligent representation learning. Most of our work comprises of systematic data cleaning, analysis, and building prediction models with deep computational architectures and establish that the transformed data can help in better distinction of the respective categories. Our main contribution is the novel gene-subcategory interaction-based regularization (GSIAR) based data selection and analysis concept, alongside the prediction, proven to enhance the performance of the classification techniques.

关键词： clustering   dimension reduction   logistic PCA   population structure   rare variants   similarity measure  

摘要： Unaccounted population stratification can lead to false-positive findings and can mask the true association signals in identification of disease-related genetic variants. The computational simplicity of principal component analysis (PCA) makes it a widely used method for population stratification adjustment. However, given that genotype data are generally represented by numerical values 0, 1, and 2, corresponding to the number of minor alleles, it is more reasonable to consider genotype data as categorical data. Because PCA is inherently only suitable for continuous variables, it is not appropriate to directly apply PCA on genotype data. Second, although common variants have been extensively studied, little is known about the stratification of rare variants and its impact on association tests. Over the last decade, there has been a shift in the genome-wide association studies toward studying low-frequency (minor allele frequency [MAF] between 0.01 and 0.05) and rare (MAF less than 0.01) variants, which are now widely reputed as complex trait determinants. The fact that rare variants are not stratified in the same way as common variants necessitates the development of statistical methods that can capture stratification patterns for low-frequency and rare variants. To address these limitations, we investigate performances of generalized PCA and similarity-matrix-based PCA methods to detect underlying structures for rare and common variants. We demonstrate, through simulated and real datasets, that a special case of generalized PCA (i.e., logistic PCA) is able to adjust for population stratification in rare variants much more effectively than standard PCA while their performances are comparable for common variants.

关键词： Dynamics  

摘要： An unresolved question in cognitive neuroscience is how representations of object categories at different levels (basic and superordinate) develop during the course of the neural response within an area. To address this, we decoded categories of different levels from the spiking responses of populations of neurons recorded in two fMRI-defined body patches in the macaque STS. Recordings of the two patches were made in the same animals with the same stimuli. Support vector machine classifiers were trained at brief response epochs and tested at the same or different epochs, thus assessing whether category representations change during the course of the response. In agreement with hierarchical processing within the body patch network, the posterior body patch mid STS body (MSB) showed an earlier onset of categorization compared with the anterior body patch anterior STS body (ASB), irrespective of the categorization level. Decoding of the superordinate body versus nonbody categories was less dynamic in MSB than in ASB, with ASB showing a biphasic temporal pattern. Decoding of the ordinate-level category human versus monkey bodies showed similar temporal patterns in both patches. The decoding onset of superordinate categorizations involving bodies was as early as for basic-level categorization, suggesting that previously reported differences between the onset of basic and superordinate categorizations may depend on the area. The qualitative difference between areas in their dynamics of category representation may hinder the interpretation of decoding dynamics based on EEG or MEG, methods that may mix signals of different areas.

关键词： Prepositions   N400   P600   Lexical/functional category  

摘要： In syntactic theories of word categorization the status of prepositions as belonging to either a lexical (e.g., nouns, verbs) or a functional category (e.g., determiners, complementizers) is under debate. It has also been suggested that prepositions are a hybrid between the two categories depending on their usage. We investigated this classification question empirically in an ERP study with twelve mono-syllabic German prepositions in lexical (e.g., locative prepositions as in on the table) and subcategorized (e.g., selected by the verb as in waiting for) use. Thirty adult participants listened to sentences containing prepositions either in lexical or subcategorized use. Violations to lexical prepositions elicited an N400 a component typically associated with lexical-semantic processing. Violations to subcategorized prepositions elicited a P600 - a component typically associated with structural/syntactic processing. In addition to lexical and subcategorized prepositions, the processing of sentence-final nouns following each type of preposition was measured. In both cases P600 effects were elicited. In addition to the positive effect, nouns in the context of incongruent lexical prepositions elicited an N400 effect. These qualitatively different processing results for lexical and subcategorized prepositions (and for nouns in the context of prepositions) suggest that depending on their use prepositions are processed like lexical or like functional words. By providing empirical evidence, we conclude that in terms of syntactic categorization, prepositions should be classified as a hybrid between a lexical and functional category.

关键词： Alzheimer's disease   behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia   dementia   mild behavioural impairment   mild cognitive impairment   neuropsychiatric symptoms  

摘要： Background Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) have been recognized as risk factors for conversion to dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Early detection of NPS may allow for possible interventions in such patients. The present study used mild behavioural impairment to explore the role of NPS in a wide range of patients, from those who are cognitively intact to those with dementia. Methods A total of 234 patients with mild cognitive impairment were followed up for up to 3 years in a Japanese cohort study. Longitudinal data from patients who developed dementia during the study and those who did not were statistically analyzed. Results Cox regression analysis revealed that only abnormal perception and thought was significant in terms of dementia conversion. Moreover, mixed-effects models indicated that baseline mild behavioural impairment symptoms did not affect cognitive trajectories such as changes in Mini-Mental State Examination or Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale scores. Conclusion We conclude that only abnormal perception and thought content were risk factors for dementia and that NPS may not lead to deterioration of cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment.