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关键词： 温室气体减排   温室气体排放量   奇华顿公司   可再生能源   电力供应   范畴  

摘要： 瑞士奇华顿公司计划在2015年至2030年之间将范畴1和2的温室气体（GHG）绝对排放量减少30％。此外，奇华顿还制定了在同一时期内将范畴3温室气体排放量减少两成的目标。公司计划在2025年前将其电力供应转为完全可再生能源，同时在其业务中开发减排项目，从而到2030年时实现30％的温室气体减排目标。

关键词： 宪法教育   范畴   目标   模式   支持系统  

摘要： 宪法教育的范畴应当包括整个宪法部门,而不应局限于《宪法》文本。大中小学校宪法教育的目标既应相互区分,又应相互衔接。各阶段宪法教育的模式应各有侧重。强大的支持系统是宪法教育成功的关键所在。

关键词： L-fuzzy层次拓扑空间   (L,M)-fuzzy层次拓扑空间   (L,M)-fuzzy层次邻域空间   (L,M)-fuzzy层次闭包空间   (L,M)-fuzzy层次内部空间.  

摘要： 文章引入了(L,M)-fuzzy层次拓扑空间范畴,讨论了它与L-fuzzy层次拓扑空间范畴的关系,证明了(L,M)-fuzzy层次拓扑空间范畴、(L,M)-fuzzy层次邻域空间范畴、(L,M)-fuzzy层次闭包空间范畴以及(L,M)-fuzzy层次内部空间范畴等均是等价的。

关键词： 话语标记语   原型效应   家族相似性   程序意义   语用频次  

摘要： 认知范畴理论是界定话语标记语范围的理论基础,概念内容和范畴属性是鉴别一个词语是否可以归入话语标记语范畴的理论框架。根据原型效应、家族相似性原则及个体话语标记语在自然口语中的语用频次来确定范畴的中心成员,并以典型话语标记语为好的样本推及范畴的一般成员和边缘成员,从而确立话语标记语的范围。

关键词： 《资本论》   直接生产过程的结果   商品范畴   始基范畴   逻辑起点  

摘要： 《第六章直接生产过程的结果》是马克思1864年上半年撰写的《资本论》第一卷最后一章的手稿,后来没有收入1867年出版的《资本论》第一卷德文第一版。这部手稿是马克思经济学手稿中最为详尽地论述商品范畴作为《资本论》始基范畴和逻辑起点的内涵和本质规定的文本。手稿对商品范畴是以资本主义经济关系的存在和发展为基础的问题作了论述,在历史逻辑上确定了商品范畴作为《资本论》始基范畴的内在必然性;手稿从"抽象上升到具体的方法"上,对商品范畴从"元素"到"结果"的理论逻辑上作了整体阐释。商品范畴作为《资本论》始基范畴,完全是由马克思所说的"特殊资本主义生产方式"的内在矛盾和全部发展过程决定的,完全是由马克思所说的"资本主义生产方式专有的特征"决定的。列宁依循马克思的思想精髓和科学方法,创立了以资本集中为始基范畴、以垄断为核心范畴的关于帝国主义政治经济学理论体系。这是继承和创新马克思主义政治经济学理论和方法的"列宁路径"。中国特色社会主义政治经济学及其理论体系的发展,要依循"列宁路径",要避免"布哈林陷阱"。

关键词： Thermal imaging   Vehicle category   Nighttime traffic   Traffic monitoring   ITS  

摘要： The automatic tollgate at highway entrance and exit needs to categorize vehicle in order to collect highway passing fee especially at night time. This paper proposes a method of vehicle categorization in nighttime traffic using thermal-image processing and statistical analysis. To recognize the vehicular types, statistical relation between thermal features of engine heat, windscreen and others are utilized in this method. Firstly, appropriate threshold values for classifying the thermal features are automatically determined, entire area of the thermal image is then divided into blocks, and thermal features classified in all blocks by the threshold values are finally integrated for vehicle type categorization. To evaluate the performance of proposed method, experiments with 2937 samples of cars, vans and trucks are categorized, and the results approximately reveal 95.51% accuracy. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Engagements with a Productively Unstable Category: Anthropologists and Nongovernmental Organizations   Artículo  

摘要： The category NGO (nongovernmental organization) is notoriously hard to fix. The term NGOwhich defines these organizations in terms of what they are notmasks great diversity and assumes an unproblematic boundary. The use of the term persists, in no small part because several different types of actors involved in a range of fields depend on what we call the productive instability inherent to the NGO category. As a discipline, given our history and methodology, anthropology and anthropologists are uniquely poised to grapple with the ideas and practices associated with the inherently unstable category of NGO. Rather than attempting to fix the category or contest the boundaries implied by it, anthropologists are instead beginning to interrogate the meanings behind the contestations themselves. Rather than attempt precise classification or bemoan the uncertainty, we contend that the NGO category is productively unstable. We argue that productive work lies ahead in charting similarities and differences within NGOs across aid and activism. This task mirrors an inherent messiness for both NGOs and anthropologists as we grapple with dilemmas of engagement. Such a critically engaged anthropology of NGOs also stands poised to offer useful guidance to the discipline as it struggles over relevance in this new century.

关键词： COGNITIVE neuroscience   VISUAL pathways   MULTIVARIATE analysis   HYPOTHESIS   ORTHOGONAL codes  

摘要： A dominant view in the cognitive neuroscience of object vision is that regions of the ventral visual pathway exhibit some degree of category selectivity. However, recent findings obtained with multivariate pattern analyses (MVPA) suggest that apparent category selectivity in these regions is dependent on more basic visual features of stimuli. In which case a rethinking of the function and organization of the ventral pathway may be in order. We suggest that addressing this issue of functional specificity requires clear coding hypotheses, about object category and visual features, which make contrasting predictions about neuroimaging results in ventral pathway regions. One way to differentiate between categorical and featural coding hypotheses is to test for residual categorical effects: effects of category selectivity that cannot be accounted for by visual features of stimuli. A strong method for testing these effects, we argue, is to make object category and target visual features orthogonal in stimulus design. Recent studies that adopt this approach support a feature-based categorical coding hypothesis according to which regions of the ventral stream do indeed code for object category, but in a format at least partially based on the visual features of stimuli.

关键词： Carbon footprint   Water footprint   Environmental sustainability   Personal values   Germany   Adaptive psychological biases   Latent class analysis  

摘要： This paper explores psychographics and evolved psychological biases to characterize consumer segments regarding pro-environmental choices. Based on survey-evidence from Germany, we analyze consumer preferences for two product categories, a food-staple and a non-food staple, labeled for carbon and water footprints. Latent class analysis is employed to identify and characterize distinct consumer segments as a function of consumers"ecological worldview', consumer involvement, motivation to attend to product label information, personal values, as well as consumers' environmental group membership and donation behavior. Results suggest that latent segments of ecologically-oriented consumers can be differentiated from price-sensitive segments, with the former appearing less prone to certain evolved psychological biases compared to the latter segments. In contrast to previous work on self-reported ecologically conscious behavior, our results highlight the role of personal values, in particular that of personal health. This is found to be valued less by ecologically-oriented consumers, indicating that such individuals may have a strong communal focus in their value orientation. In terms of policy implications, our findings suggest that sustainability labels can provide valuable and interpretable information to consumers, yet more effective intervention efforts may require a stronger focus on targeted information provision with regard to carbon rather than water footprints. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mixed data   Regression   Hybrid model   Decision tree  

摘要： In many real world problems, the collected data are not always numeric;rather, the data can include categorical variables. Inclusion of different types of variables may lead to complications in regression analysis. Many regression algorithms such as linear regression, support vector regression, and neural networks that train parameters of a model to identify relations between input and output variables, can easily process numeric variables;however, there are additional considerations for categorical variables. On the other hand, a decision tree algorithm estimates a target based on the specified rules;therefore, it can support categorical variables as well as numeric variables. Using this property, a new hybrid model combining a decision tree with another regression algorithm is proposed to analyze mixed data. In the proposed model, the portions explained by categorical variables in target values are estimated by the decision tree and the remaining parts are predicted by any regression algorithm trained by numerical variables. The proposed algorithm was evaluated using 12 datasets selected from real decision problems, and it was confirmed that the proposed algorithm achieved better or comparable accuracy than the comparison methods including the M5 decision tree and the evolutionary tree. In addition, the new hybrid method does not significantly increase computational complexity, even though it builds two separate models, which is an advantage that is in contrast with the M5 decision tree and the evolutionary tree. (C) 2017 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.