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关键词： differential item functioning   identifiability   discretization of a normal variant   graded response models  

摘要： The multiple-group categorical factor analysis (FA) model and the graded response model (GRM) are commonly used to examine polytomous items for differential item functioning to detect possible measurement bias in educational testing. In this study, the multiple-group categorical factor analysis model (MC-FA) and multiple-group normal-ogive GRM models are unified under the common framework of discretization of a normal variant. We rigorously justify a set of identified parameters and determine possible identifiability constraints necessary to make the parameters just-identified and estimable in the common framework of MC-FA. By doing so, the difference between categorical FA model and normal-ogive GRM is simply the use of two different sets of identifiability constraints, rather than the seeming distinction between categorical FA and GRM. Thus, we compare the performance on DIF assessment between the categorical FA and GRM approaches through simulation studies on the MC-FA models with their corresponding particular sets of identifiability constraints. Our results show that, under the scenarios with varying degrees of DIF for examinees of different ability levels, models with the GRM type of identifiability constraints generally perform better on DIF detection with a higher testing power. General guidelines regarding the choice of just-identified parameterization are also provided for practical use.

关键词： Dimension reduction   Effective dimension reduction   Functional regression   Inverse regression  

摘要： In the present paper, we consider dimension reduction methods for functional regression with a scalar response and the predictors including a random curve and a categorical random variable. To deal with the categorical random variable, we propose three potential dimension reduction methods: partial functional sliced inverse regression, marginal functional sliced inverse regression and conditional functional sliced inverse regression. Furthermore, we investigate the relationships among the three methods. In addition, a new modified BIC criterion for determining the dimension of the effective dimension reduction space is developed. Real and simulation data examples are then presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

关键词： intersectionality   leadership   person perception   race   sexual orientation  

摘要： Easily perceived identities (e.g., race) may interact with perceptually ambiguous identities (e.g., sexual orientation) in meaningful but elusive ways. Here, we investigated how intersecting identities impact impressions of leadership. People perceived gay Black men as better leaders than members of either single-minority group (i.e., gay or Black). Yet, different traits supported judgments of the leadership abilities of Black and White targets;for instance, warmth positively predicted leadership judgments for Black men but dominance positively predicted leadership judgments for White men. These differences partly occurred because of different perceptions of masculinity across the intersection of race and sexual orientation. Indeed, both categorical (race and sex) and noncategorical (trait) social information contributed to leadership judgments. These findings highlight differences in the traits associated with leadership in Black and White men, as well as the importance of considering how intersecting cues associated with obvious and ambiguous groups moderate perceptions.

关键词： A Dream of Red Mansions'   cultural connotation   dress word   semantic categorization   文化内涵   服饰词语   红楼梦   语义范畴   Language of Keywords: English   Chinese  

摘要： The dress words in A Dream of Red Mansions reflect the social life of the limes. In this study, the words are analyzed and classified from semantic categorization, thus the cultural connotation of them is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

关键词： RGB-D image   Visual place recognition   Object categorization   Multi-modal deep learning  

摘要： Recognizing semantic category of objects and scenes captured using vision-based sensors is a challenging yet essential capability for mobile robots and UAVs to perform high-level tasks such as long-term autonomous navigation. However, extracting discriminative features from multi-modal inputs, such as RGB-D images, in a unified manner is non-trivial given the heterogeneous nature of the modalities. We propose a deep network which seeks to construct a joint and shared multi-modal representation through bilinearly combining the convolutional neural network (CNN) streams of the RGB and depth channels. This technique motivates bilateral transfer learning between the modalities by taking the outer product of each feature extractor output. Furthermore, we devise a technique for multi-scale feature abstraction using deeply supervised branches which are connected to all convolutional layers of the multi-stream CNN. We show that end-to-end learning of the network is feasible even with a limited amount of training data and the trained network generalizes across different datasets and applications. Experimental evaluations on benchmark RGB-D object and scene categorization datasets show that the proposed technique consistently outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： BILINGUAL students   GRAMMATICAL categories   SPANISH language -- Vocabulary   ADULTS   VOCABULARY research   ORTHOGRAPHY & spelling   SEMANTICS   LANGUAGE & languages -- Ability   AGE distribution (Demography)   ANALYSIS of variance   COMPARATIVE studies   CULTURE   FISHER exact test   COMPARATIVE grammar   MULTILINGUALISM   PROBABILITY theory   QUESTIONNAIRES   FINANCING of research   SPEECH -- Evaluation   T-test (Statistics)   VARIABLES (Mathematics)   SOCIOECONOMIC factors   EFFECT sizes (Statistics)   RESEARCH methodology evaluation   DESCRIPTIVE statistics  

摘要： Purpose: The study examines the typicality effect in Spanish-English bilingual children and adults in their 2 languages. Method: Two studies were conducted using a category-generation task to compare the typical items generated by children with those generated by adults. Children in the 1st study differed orthogonally with respect to age (older, younger) and language use (higher Spanish use, higher English use). In the 2nd study, the older and younger children were matched with adults on their current Spanish use to delineate the influence of test language and age. Results: Children with higher English use generated more typical items, and these occurred earlier in their word lists in English than in Spanish. Participants at all levels of Spanish experience generated fewer typical items in Spanish than in English. Thus, there was less convergence of items considered typical among participants in Spanish. Older and younger children did not differ in the number of typical items generated. However, when participants were matched for language use, older children produced typical items earlier in their word lists than did younger children. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the influence of language use and test language in generation of typical items in bilingual children. Supplemental material: https://***/10.23641/asha.5089888

关键词： philosophy of logic   homotopy type theory   category theory   harmony  

摘要： This paper responds to recent work in the philosophy of Homotopy Type Theory by James Ladyman and Stuart Presnell. They consider one of the rules for identity, path induction, and justify it along 'pre- mathematical' lines. I give an alternate justification based on the philosophical framework of inferentialism. Accordingly, I construct a notion of harmony that allows the inferentialist to say when a connective or concept is meaning-bearing and this conception unifies most of the prominent conceptions of harmony through category theory. This categorical harmony is stated in terms of adjoints and says that any concept definable by iterated adjoints from general categorical operations is harmonious. Moreover, it has been shown that identity in a categorical setting is determined by an adjoint in the relevant way. Furthermore, path induction as a rule comes from this definition. Thus we arrive at an account of how path induction, as a rule of inference governing identity, can be justified on mathematically motivated grounds.

关键词： Interdisciplinarity   Diversity   Integration score   Diffusion score   Web of Science categories  

摘要： Interdisciplinary research has been a focus in academia, and it is beneficial to understand the properties and structure of interdisciplinary research from the viewpoint of bibliometrics. This paper detects distinctions between publication categories and citation categories to measure the interdisciplinarity of individual publications, and then to measure interdisciplinarity for one research system by the average interdisciplinarity of individual publications, which are taken as elements in the research system. The average and the standard deviation (SD) that reflects the variance of the elements' interdisciplinarity in one research system, of all the publications' integration scores and diffusion scores, were then respectively calculated. Sixty of the most productive authors from three Web of Science categories (Mathematics, Applied;Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence;and Operations Research and Management Science) were selected as a case to validate our approach. The results showed that measuring the interdisciplinarity of individual elements effectively lessened the impacts caused by some elements with distinctive citation categories on the research system's interdisciplinarity (especially those research systems with large SDs). Furthermore, measuring the distinction between publication categories and citation categories is essential for individual publications' interdisciplinarity when the citation categories do not appear in the categories of the publication itself or the publication has only a single citation category.

关键词： ECOSYSTEM services   BIOSPHERE reserves   PROTECTED areas  

摘要： A reply from the authors of the article about the ecosystem services in the management of Biosphere Reserves in a previous issue is presented.

关键词： 机构   助残   福利彩票   依法   资金   彩票   销售  

摘要： 福利彩票是由国家特许发行,以国家信用为背书,依法销售的公益彩票,承担着'扶老、助残、救孤、济困'宗旨.自1987年开始发行福利票以来,各级民政部门和发行销售机构就一直把'安全运行、健康发展'视为重要方针政策.这是因为,彩票发行是依托政府的公信力,一旦安全和健康出现问题,就会对彩票事业带来致命打击.2009年7月1日《彩票管理条例》正式实施,也明确规定了彩票发行机构、彩票销售机构应当建立风险管理体系和可疑资金报告制度,保障彩票发行、销售的安全.